ALBERT

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Foreword. - Conference summary. - EXTENDED ABSTRACTS OF THE INVITED PAPERS. - ACSYS as a journey of discovery / K. Aagaard. - The hydroclimatology of north-flowing high latitude rivers / R. G. Lawford. - Atmospheric components of the hydrological cycle in the Arctic / R. G. Barry, M. C. Serreze and J. E. Walsh. - Hydrological studies in the Arctic zone of Russia / V. V. Ivanov and V. S. Vuglinsky. - On sensitivity of a simulated high-latitude atmosphere to sea-ice fluctuation and to parameterization of cloud optical properties / V. P. Meleshko, V. M. Kattsov and P. V. Sporyshev. - Characteristics of Arctic clouds and radiation (abstract only) / J. A . Curry. - Processes of air-sea interaction in polar regions / A. P. Makshtas, V. F . Timachev and A. S . Zachek. - The ACSYS Arctic Atmosphere Programme (abstract only) / H. Cattle. - Modeling interactions between shortwave radiation, pack ice and the upper ocean / G. A. Maykut. - Remote sensing of Arctic Sea ice / J. Askne. - Sea ice rheologies for use in climate models (abstract only) / W. D. Hibler III and C. F . Ip. - Problems of sea ice modelling for climate research / P. Lemke. - Climatic variability of the Arctic Ocean circulation connected with interannual variations of atmospheric processes / L. A. Timokhov. - Water modification on Arctic continental shelves: seasonal cycle and interannual variation / H. Melling. - Convective water mass and ice formation in Arctic shelf seas (numerical process studies) / J. O. Backhaus, H. Fohrmann, I. H. Harms, J. H. Jungclaus and A. Rubino. - Arctic Ocean water masses and circulation: An overview based on the 1991 expedition of IB ODEN / E . P. Jones. - EXTENDED ABSTRACTS OF THE POSTER PAPERS. - SESSION 1 - HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE. - Characteristics of water and sediment discharge formation from small watersheds of the Arctic zone under the impact of technology / N. N. Bobrovitskaya, N. G. Vasilenko and K. M. Zubkova. - ECMWF and METEO-FRANCE GCM simulations of precipitation and surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet / C. Genthon. - River water inflow to the Arctic seas / V. V. Ivanov. - The initiation of ice sheet growth, Milankovitch solar radiation variations, and the 100 Kyr ice age cycle / T. S . Ledley and S. Chu. - Research results for evaporation from different landscapes in the Arctic zone / S. M. Novikov and S. A. Trofimov. - Interannual variability in precipitation minus evaporation over the Arctic, 1974-91 (abstract only) / M. C. Serreze, R. G. Barry, M. C. Rehder and J. E. Walsh. - Criogenic transformation of the surface- and subsurface inflows into the Arctic seas / B. L. Sokolov and M. L. Markov. - Hydrological cycle modelling for Arctic river basins / Yu. B. Vinogradov and T. A. Vinogradova. - Atmospheric water vapor convergence and river runoff in northern high latitudes / J. E. Walsh, D. Fortis and X. Zhou. - An investigation of the atmospheric effect on snowmelt in the Arctic and subarctic / T. Zhang, K. Stamnes and S.-A. Bowling. - A valuation of possible changes in glacio-hydrological characteristics under global warming: South-Eastern Alaska glaciation / N. V. Davidovich and M. D. Ananicheva. - SESSION 2 - ATMOSPHERE. - Modelling the atmospheric transportation of dust to the Arctic (abstract only) / K. K. Andersen. - Mechanisms of formation and predictability of the intermediate and high latitudes atmospheric blockings / R. V. Bekryaev. - A regional climate model of the Arctic atmosphere / M. Botzet, J. H. Christensen, E. Claudius, K. Dethloff, R. Lehmann, B. Machenhauer and A. Rinke. - Wintertime cold-air outbreaks from the Arctic ice / B. Brümmer. - International Arctic cloudiness-aerosol-radiation project (IACARP) (abstract only) / A. A. Chernikov, I. P. Mazin, I. I. Mokhov and A. I. Voskresensky. - The importance of the low level inversions upon the Arctic weather and climate / K. Wilhelmsen. - On the impact of sub-grid scale sea-ice distribution on atmospheric climate and air-sea fluxes / A. Grotzner, R. Sausen and M. Claussen. - Interaction of the modern climatic changes of atmosphere, ocean and ice cover in the Arctic / Z. M. Gudkovich, V. F. Zakharov, E. O. Aksenov and S. P. Pozdnyshev. - Airborne measurements of turbulent transfer of momentum and heat related to floe field structure in the Fram Strait / J. Hartmann, E. Augstein and C. Kottmeier. - Heat and water budgets over the northern polar region as estimated from 14 atmospheric general circulation models / V. M. Kattsov, T. V. Pavlova and V. A. Govorkova. - On the variability of surface heat fluxes at high latitudes / G. W. K. Moore. - Temperature inversions in Arctic atmosphere / A. P. Nagurny, G. V. Alekseev and E. V. Rozanov. - Physical and optical/radiative properties of Arctic aerosols: potential effects on Arctic climate / R. F. Pueschel and S. A. Kinne. - Calculation of heat fluxes for Arctic regions dependent on sea ice distribution / C. Lüpkes, K. H. Schlünzen, G. Birnbaum and K. Salzen. - Carbon emission from the northern ecosystems and climatic changes (abstract only) / I. P. Semiletov, S. A. Zimov, Yu. V. Voropaev and S. P. Daviodov. - The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Programme North Slope of Alaska/Adjacent Arctic Ocean (NSA/AAO) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART): Science issues / K. Stamnes and B. O. Zak. - Dependence of surface albedo in the Arctic on surface characteristics, clouds and solar elevation / K. Stamnes, Z. Jin and B. O. Zak. - Use of advanced earth observing satellite to study radiation/cloud/climate interactions and ozone chemistry in the Arctic / K. Stamnes, V. V. Filyushkin and B. O. Zak. - Is it tropospheric sudden warming? (abstract only) / H. L. Tanaka and M. Hayasaki. - Methods for estimating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer in polar regions / A. P. Makshtas and V. F. Timachev. - The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Programme North Slope of Alaska and Adjacent Arctic Ocean (NSA/AAO) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART): An overview / B. O. Zak and K. Stamnes. - SESSION 3 - SEA ICE. - Modelling convection in a melt pond / P. V. Bogorodsky. - An operational ice-ocean coupled model of the northern hemisphere / A. Cheng and R. H. Preller. - Patterns of monthly wind and ice motion in the Arctic Basin (abstract only) / R. Colony. - Wind-driven ice motion and surface ocean currents in the Arctic Basin (abstract only) / R. Colony. - Surface melt puddles on multi-year sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic / H. Eicken, R. Gradinger, B. Ivanov, A. Makshtas and R. Pác. - Sensitivity of a large-scale sea-ice-upper-ocean model to uncertainties in the atmospheric forcing / T. Fichefet and M. A. Morales Maqueda. - Parameterizing the strength of Arctic sea ice / G. M. Flato. - Russian historical material on sea ice as a part of global digital sea ice data bank / I. E. Frolov and V. M. Smolyanitsky. - A large-scale simulation of Arctic sea ice, 1986-1992 / M. Harder. - On coupling a dynamic-thermodynamic snow sea-ice model to a global climate model / D. M. Holland and J. M . Oberhuber. - A mesoscale simulation of the Arctic ice pack / M. A. Hopkins. - Seasonal evolution of sea ice cover and shelf water off Labrador simulated in a coupled ice-ocean model / M. Ikeda, T. Yao and Q. Yao. - A study on the relation between the sea-ice extent in the Arctic and runoff into the Arctic Ocean (abstract only) / R. Kanohgi, H. L. Tanaka and T. Yasunari. - Development of seasonal ice cover in the Beaufort Sea: A view from below (abstract only) / H. Melling. - Measurement, analysis and parameterization of melt pond albedo / M. P. Morassutti and E .F. LeDrew. - Characteristics of surface energy partitioning over snow-covered first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the spring transition / T. N. Papakyriakou and E. F. LeDrew. - The interaction of solar radiation with summer sea ice / D. K. Perovich and W. B. Tucker III. - Relating Arctic pack ice stress and strain at the 10km scale / J. A. Richter-Men

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: John T. Andrews, William E. N. Austin, Helene Bergsten, and Anne E. Jennings: The Late Quaternary palaeoceanography of North Atlantic margins: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:1-6, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.01 --- Karen Luise Knudsen and William E. N. Austin: Late glacial foraminifera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:7-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.02 --- Canadian North Atlantic Margins --- J. T. Andrews, L. E. Osterman, A. E. Jennings, J. P. M. Syvitski, G. H. Miller, and N. Weiner: Abrupt changes in marine conditions, Sunneshine Fiord, eastern Baffin Island, NWT during the last deglacial transition: Younger Dryas and H-0 events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:11-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.03 --- Anne E. Jennings, Kathy A. Tedesco, John T. Andrews, and Matthew E. Kirby: Shelf erosion and glacial ice proximity in the Labrador Sea during and after Heinrich events (H-3 or 4 to H-0) as shown by foraminifera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:29-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.04 --- James P. M. Syvitski, C. F. Michael Lewis, David J. W. Piper, and James P. M. Syvitski: Palaeoceanographic information derived from acoustic surveys of glaciated continental margins: examples from eastern Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:51-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.05 --- R. R. Stea, R. Boyd, O. Costello, G. B. J. Fader, and D. B. Scott: Deglaciation of the inner Scotian Shelf, Nova Scotia: correlation of terrestrial and marine glacial events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:77-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.06 --- Frank R. Hall and Stefanie J. Reed: Rock (mineral)-magnetic properties of post-glacial (16–0.5 ka) sediments from the Emerald Basin (Scotian Shelf), Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.07 --- Arctic Ocean, East Greenland Margin and Northeastern North Atlantic --- Thomas M. Cronin, Gary S. Dwyer, Paul A. Baker, Julio Rodriguez-Lazaro, and William M. Briggs, Jr: Deep-sea ostracode shell chemistry (Mg:Ca ratios) and Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:117-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.08 --- Ruediger Stein, Seung-il Nam, Hannes Grobe, and Hans Hubberten: Late Quaternary glacial history and short-term ice-rafted debris fluctuations along the East Greenland continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:135-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.09 --- J. T. Andrews, Anne E. Jennings, T. Cooper, Kerstin M. Williams, and J. Mienert: Late Quaternary sedimentation along a fjord to shelf (trough) transect, East Greenland (c. 68° N) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:153-166, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.10 --- J. C. Duplessy, L. D. Labeyrie, and M. Paterne: North Atlantic sea surface conditions during the Younger Dryas cold event / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.11 --- Nalân Koç, Eystein Jansen, Morten Hald, and Laurent Labeyrie: Late glacial-Holocene sea surface temperatures and gradients between the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea: implications for the Nordic heat pump / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:177-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.12 --- Northwestern European and European Arctic Margins --- W. E. N. Austin and D. Kroon: Late glacial sedimentology, foraminifera and stable isotope stratigraphy of the Hebridean Continental Shelf, northwest Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:187-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.13 --- J. D. Peacock: Marine mollescan proxy data applied to Scottish late glacial and Flandrian sites: strengths and limitations / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:215-228, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.14 --- Ian Shennan, Mairéad M. Rutherford, James B. Innes, and Kevin J. Walker: Late glacial sea level and ocean margin environmental changes interpreted from biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic studies of isolation basins in northwest Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:229-244, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.15 --- Hui Jiang and Kjell Nordberg: Late Weichselian environmental changes of the southern Kattegat, Scandinavia, inferred from diatom records / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:245-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.16 --- Niels Richardt: Sedimentological examination of the Late Weichselian sea-level history following deglaciation of northern Denmark / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.17 --- Morten Hald, Trond Dokken, and Sveinung Hagen: Palaeoceanography on the European arctic margin during the last deglaciation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:275-287, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.18 --- J. Lloyd, D. Kroon, C. Laban, and G. Boulton: Deglaciation history and palaeoceanography of the western Spitsbergen margin since the last glacial maximum / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:289-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.19 --- Tore O. Vorren and Jan S. Laberg: Late glacial air temperature, oceanographic and ice sheet interactions in the southern Barents Sea region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:303-321, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.20 --- Leonid Polyak and Valery Mikhailov: Post-glacial environments of the southeastern Barents Sea: foraminiferal evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:323-337, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.21 --- Mikko Punkari: Late Weichselian deglaciation of the Barents Sea and low salinity events in the Norwegian Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:339-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.22 --- Related Topics --- Karin A. F. Zonneveld and Karin P. Boessenkool: Palynology as a tool for land-sea correlation; an example from the eastern Mediterranean region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:351-357, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.23 --- Nils-Axel Mörner: Earth rotation, ocean circulation and palaeoclimate: the North Atlantic — European example / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 111:359-370, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.111.01.24