ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Contents E. C. King, R. A. Livermore, and B. C. Storey: Weddell Sea tectonics and Gondwana break-up: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.01 --- Michael L. Curtis and Bryan C. Storey: A review of geological constraints on the pre-break-up position of the Ellsworth Mountains within Gondwana: implications for Weddell Sea evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:11-30, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.02 --- Vic Divenere, Dennis V. Kent, and Ian W. D. Dalziel: Summary of palaeomagnetic results from West Antarctica: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Pacific margin of Gondwana during the Mesozoic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:31-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.03 --- T. S. Brewer, D. Rex, P. G. Guise, and C. J. Hawkesworth: Geochronology of Mesozoic tholeiitic magmatism in Antarctica: implications for the development of the failed Weddell Sea rift system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.04 --- G. H. Grantham: Aspects of Jurassic magmatism and faulting in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: implications for Gondwana break-up / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:63-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.05 --- W. Reimer, H. Miller, and H. Mehl: Mesozoic and Cenozoic palaeo-stress fields of the South Patagonian Massif deduced from structural and remote sensing data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:73-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.06 --- Bryan C. Storey, Alan P. M. Vaughan, and Ian L. Millar: Geodynamic evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula during Mesozoic times and its bearing on Weddell Sea history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:87-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.07 --- P. C. Richards, R. W. Gatliff, M. F. Quinn, N. G. T. Fannin, and J. P. Williamson: The geological evolution of the Falkland Islands continental shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:105-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.08 --- W. Jokat, C. Hübscher, U. Meyer, L. Oszko, T. Schöne, W. Versteeg, and H. Miller: The continental margin off East Antarctica between 10°W and 30°W / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:129-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.09 --- R. J. Hunter, A. C. Johnson, and N. D. Aleshkova: Aeromagnetic data from the southern Weddell Sea embayment and adjacent areas: synthesis and interpretation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:143-154, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.10 --- David C. McAdoo and Seymour W. Laxon: Marine gravity from Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry in the Weddell Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:155-164, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.11 --- W. Jokat, H. Miller, and C. Hübscher: Crustal structure of the Antarctic continental margin in the eastern Weddell Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:165-174, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.12 --- G. L. Leitchenkov, H. Miller, and E. N. Zatzepin: Structure and Mesozoic evolution of the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: history of early Gondwana break-up / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:175-190, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.13 --- Joachim Jacobs, Norbert Kaul, and Klaus Weber: The history of denudation and resedimentation at the continental margin of western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, during break-up of Gondwana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:191-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.14 --- W. Jokat, H. Miller, and C. Hübscher: Structure and origin of southern Weddell Sea crust: results and implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:201-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.15 --- E. C. King and A. C. Bell: New seismic data from the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:213-226, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.16 --- R. A. Livermore and R. J. Hunter: Mesozoic seafloor spreading in the southern Weddell Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:227-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.17 --- H. A. Roeser, J. Fritsch, and K. Hinz: The development of the crust off Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:243-264, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.18 --- Yoshifumi Nogi, Nobukazu Seama, Nobuhiro Isezaki, and Yoichi Fukuda: Magnetic anomaly lineations and fracture zones deduced from vector magnetic anomalies in the West Enderby Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 108:265-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.108.01.19

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME 2 Section 6 GULLY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES Chapter 31 Thresholds of Channel Initiation in Historical and Holocene Times, Southeastern Australia / I. P. Prosser Chapter 32 The Role of Sideslope Gullies in the Production andDelivery of Sediment to Contemporary Terraces, Rambla del Hornillo, Southern Spain / H. Faulkner Chapter 33 Holocene Hillslope Gully Systems in the Howgill Fells, Cumbria / A. M. Harvey Chapter 34 Unsaturated Strength and Preferential Flow as Controls on Gully Head Development / A. J. C. Collison Section 7 SLOPE STABILITY Chapter 35 Landslides and Stability in the Nepalese Middle Hills under Seasonal and Agricultural Land-Use Change Scenarios / K. Wu and J. B. Thornes Chapter 36 Developments in Slope Hydrology-Stability Modelling for Tropical Slopes / M. G. Anderson, A. J. C. Collison, J. Hartshorne, D. M. Lloyd and A. Park Chapter 37 The Mechanics and Landforms of Deep-Seated Landslides / D. Petley Chapter 38 The Assessment and Modelling of Hydrological Failure Conditions of Landslides in the Puriscal Region (Costa Rica) and the Manizales Region (Colombia) / M. T. J. Terlien, P. G. B. De Louw, Th. W. J. Van Asch and R. A. A. Hetterschijt Chapter 39 The Effects of Grass Roots on the Shear Strength of Colluvial Soils in Nepal / C. J. Lawrance, R. J. Rickson and J. E. Clark Chapter 40 Development of an Episodic Landform Change Model based upon the Black Ven Mudslide, 1946-1995 / D. Brunsden and J. H. Chandler Chapter 41 Coastal Slope Development: Temporal and Spatial Periodicity in the Holderness Cliff Recession / J. Pethick Section 8 TROPICAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 42 A New Approach towards the Quantification of Runoff and Eroded Sediment from Bench Terraces in Humid Tropical Steeplands and its Application in South-Central Java, Indonesia / L. A. Bruijnzee/ and W. R. S. Critchley Chapter 43 Hydrological Pathways and Water Chemistry in Amazonian Rain Forests / H. Elsenbeer and A. Lack Chapter 44 Observations on Slope Processes in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment Before and After Forest Plantation Establishment / A. Maimer Chapter 45 Tectonics and Relief in Tropical Forested Mountains: The Gipfelflur Hypothesis Revisited / A. P. Dykes and J. B. Thornes Section 9 SEMI-ARID HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 46 Hillslope Response to Extreme Storm Events: The Example of the Vaison-La-Romaine Event / J. Wainwright Chapter 47 Geomorphological Implications of Vegetation Patchiness on Semi-arid Slopes / J. Puigdefabregas and G. Sanchez Chapter 48 Runoff and Erosion on Semi-arid Hillslopes / A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright and A. D. Abrahams Chapter 49 Cuesta Scarp Forms and Processes in Different Attitudinal Belts of the Colorado Plateau as Indicators of Climatic Change / K.-H. Schmidt and P. Meitz Chapter 50 Modelling the Complexity of Land Surface Response to Climatic Variability in Mediterranean Environments / M. Mulligan Section 10 PERIGLACIAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 51 Processes of Thaw-Induced Mass Movement in Non-cohesive Soils: Results of an Instrumented Slope Simulation Experiment / C. Harris and M. C. R. Davies Chapter 52 Paraglacial Slope Adjustment during Recent Deglaciation and Its Implication for Slope Evolution in Formerly Glaciated Environments / C. K. Ballantyne and D. I. Benn Chapter 53 Paraglacial or Periglacial? The Sedimentology of Slope Deposits in Upland Northumberland / S. Harrison Chapter 54 Slow Mass Movements and Climatic Relationships, 1972-1994, Kapp Linné, West Spitzbergen / H. J. Akerman Chapter 55 Rock Weathering and the Formation of Summit Blockfield Slopes in Norway: Examples and Implications / B. R. Rea, W. B. Whalley and E. M. Porter Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents List of Contributors Foreword / R. J. Chorley Section 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Hillslope Processes: Research Prospects / M. G. Anderson and S. M. Brooks Section 2 HILLSLOPE HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Chapter 2 An Evolving Perceptual Model of Hillslope Flow at the Maimai Catchment / D. D. Brammer and J. J. McDonnell Chapter 3 Runoff and Erosion from a Rapidly Eroding Pinyon-Juniper Hill slope / B. P. Wilcox, J. Pitlick, C. D. Allen and D. W. Davenport Chapter 4 Time-Dependent Changes in Soil Properties and Surface Runoff Generation / T. P. Burt and M. C. Slattery Chapter 5 Hydrological Impact of a High-Magnitude Rainfall Event / R. Evans Chapter 6 Short-term Hydrological Response of Soil Water and Groundwater to Rainstorms in a Deciduous Forest Hillslope, Georgia, USA / E. B. Ratcliffe, N. E. Peters and M. Tranter Chapter 7 Modelling the Influence of Afforestation on Hillslope Storm Runoff / T. J. A. Davie Section 3 HILLSLOPE SOLUTE PROCESSES Chapter 8 Movement of Water and Solutes from Agricultural Land: The Effects of Artificial Drainage / A. C. Armstrong and G. L. Harris Chapter 9 Nitrogen and Phosphorous Flows from Agricultural Hillslopes / K. W. T. Goulding, L. S. Matchett, G. Heckrath, C. P. Webster, P. C. Brookes and T. P. Burt Chapter 10 Phosphorus Fractionation in Hillslope Hydrological Pathways Contributing to Agricultural Runoff / R. M. Dils and A. L. Heathwaite Chapter 11 Nutrient Cycling in Upland Catchment Areas: The Significance of Organic Forms of N and P / A. C. Edwards, M. D. Ron Vaz, S. Porter and L. Ebbs Chapter 12 Identification of Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Export from Agricultural Catchments / W. J. Gburek, A. N. Sharpley and H. B. Pionke Chapter 13 Pathways and Forms of Phosphorus Losses from Grazed Grassland Hillslopes / P. M. Haygarth and S. C. Jarvis Chapter 14 Modelling the Solute Uptake Component of Hillslope Hydrochemistry: Are Flow Times and Path Lengths Important during Mineral Dissolution? / S. Trudgill, J. Ball and B. Rawlins Section 4 SOIL PROCESSES ON HILLSLOPES Chapter 15 The Influence of Slope on the Nature and Distribution of Soils and Plant Communities in the Central Brazilian cerrado / P.A. Furfey Chapter 16 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Range of Soil-Plant and Drainage Conditions in Belize / R. M. Rees, K. Castle, J. R. M. Arah and P. A. Furfey Chapter 17 A Soil-Landscape Continuum on a Three-Dimensional Hillslope, Quantock Hills, Somerset / S. J. Park, T. P. Burt and P. A. Bull Chapter 18 Modern Fluvial Processes on a Macroporous Drift-Covered Cavernous Limestone Hillslope, Castleton, Derbyshire, UK / P. Hardwick and J. Gunn Chapter 19 Examining the Factors Controlling the Spatial Scale of Variation in Soil Redistribution Processes from Southwest Niger / A. Chappell, M.A. Oliver, A. Warren, C. T. Agnew and M. Charlton Chapter 20 Variations in Tree Communities and Soils with Slope in Gallery Forest, Federal District, Brazil / M. C. da Silva Junior, P. A. Furfey and J. A. Ratter Chapter 21 The Significance of Soil Profile Differentiation to Hydrological Response and Slope Instability: A Modelling Approach / S. M. Brooks and A. J. C. Collison Section 5 SOIL EROSION ON HILLSLOPES Chapter 22 Soil Erosion by Water: Problems and Prospects for Research / J. Boardman Chapter 23 The Particle-Size Selectivity of Sediment Mobilization from Devon Hillslopes / P. M. Stone and D. E. Walling Chapter 24 Shifts in Rates and Spatial Distributions of Soil Erosion and Deposition under Climate Change / D. T. Favis-Mort/ock and M. R. Savabi Chapter 25 Simulation of Radiocaesium Redistribution on Cultivated Hillslopes using a Mass-Balance Model: An Aid to Process Interpretation and Erosion Rate Estimation / T. A. Quine, D. E. Walling and G. Govers Chapter 26 Erosional Response to Variations in Interstorm Weathering Conditions / R. Bryan Chapter 27 Field Studies of Runoff Processes on Restored Land in South Wales and the Design of Channels for Erosion Control / R. A. Hodgkinson and A. C. Armstrong Chapter 28 On the Complexity of Sediment Delivery in Fluvial Systems: Results from a Small Agricultural Catchment, North Oxfordshire, UK / M. C. Slattery and T. P. Burt Chapter 29 Verification of the European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM) for Varying Slope and Vegetation Conditions / R. P. C. Morgan Chapter 30 Validation Problems of Hydrologic and Soil-Erosion Catchment Models: Examples from a Dutch Erosion Project / A. P. J. De Roo