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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and properties of phenolated wood/phenol/formaldehyde cocondensed resin (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 1297-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A phenolated wood/phenol/formaldehyde cocondensed novolac-type resin was prepared with a two-stage procedure. Wood was first liquefied in the presence of phenol by using an acid catalyst to produce a phenolated wood, and after the liquefaction, formalin (i.e., formaldehyde aqueous solution) was added to conduct a cocondensation reaction for converting the remaining nonreacted phenol into resin components. It was found that this procedure can convert almost all the phenol remained after liquefaction into resin, and therefore significantly upgrades the practical value of the liquefaction technique. In addition, it can also greatly improve the thermofluidities of the phenolated wood resins and the mechanical properties of their molded products. As a result, the flow temperatures and melt viscosities of the cocondensed resins were much lower than those of the phenolated wood resins. However, these two properties were more or less similar to those of the conventional novolac resin, resulting in an excellent processability. The flexural properties of the molded products made from the cocondensed resins were much higher than those of the phenolated wood and also somewhat superior to those of the conventional novolac resin. Therefore, this preparation procedure is a prospective technique for preparing wood-based novolac resins. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580811
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquefaction of wood in the presence of phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst and the flow properties of the liquefied wood (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 1629-1636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The liquefaction of wood in the presence of phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst and the flow properties of the obtained liquefied wood were investigated. It was found that phosphoric acid is a satisfactory catalyst for liquefying wood. The amount of phenol that reacts with the liquefied wood components (i.e., combined phenol) increases with an increase in liquefaction temperature, liquefaction time, catalyst content, or liquid ratio. By removing the free phenol, the resulting liquefied woods become novolaclike resins. The measurements of the flow properties of these liquefied woods reveal that the melts of liquefied woods behave as pseudoplastics and their flows obey the Ostwald de Waele power law equation. The amount of combined phenol within the liquefied wood and the presence of filler in the liquefied wood have great influence on their flow properties. The flowing temperature, activation energy, and zero shear viscosity of the liquefied woods show tendencies to increase with an increase in combined phenol. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070521111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-absorbing polyurethane foams from liquefied starch (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1939-1949 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-absorbing polyurethane foams were prepared from liquefied starch polyols and diphenylmathane diisocyanate (MDI) by using a cell-opening foaming surfactant. The liquefied starch polyols were obtained by the liquefactions of starch in the presence of polyethylene glycol-dominant reaction reagents by using sulfuric acid as a catalyst under either a refluxing condition or a reduced-pressure condition. The influences of the liquefaction conditions on the properties of the liquefied starch polyols were investigated, taking into account the requirements for preparing appropriate polyurethane foam. Feasible formulations for the preparation of the water-absorbing foams were proposed and the properties of the foams obtained were investigated. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of moldings from liquefied wood resins (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 1563-1571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The liquefied wood resins obtained by liquefying wood in the presence of phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst were applied to prepare the moldings by using hexamine as a hardener. The effects of the molding conditions and the moldings' compositions on flexural properties and water-sorption kinetics of the moldings were investigated. It was found that the liquefied wood resins had satisfactory and almost uniform curing reactivity, although they were composed of different kinds of wood components. The flexural properties of the liquefied wood moldings were enhanced with an increase in the amount of combined phenol within the liquefied wood and became comparable to those of the commercial novolak when the amounts of combined phenol were larger than 75%. Furthermore, it was also found that with an increase in the content of wood fillers the flexural properties of the liquefied wood moldings were enhanced more effectively than were the cases of the commercial novolak moldings, exhibiting that the liquefied wood resins could gain a greater reinforced effect from compounding with the wood fillers than did the commercial novolak resins, and the greater the amount of combined phenol, the higher the reinforcing performance of wood fillers. In addition, water-sorption measurements and the SEM observations of the moldings indicated that the liquefied wood resins had much greater hydrophilicity than that of the novolak and revealed a greater compatibility with wood fillers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070551107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the surface cross-linking of the high-density polyethylene induced by plasma treatment on the durability of treatment efficiency (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 48 (1993), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the surface cross-linking layer of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) produced by plasma treatment was studied by DSC, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and infrared analysis. The relationship between the cross-linking and the durability of the modification efficiency provided by the plasma treatment was investigated. The results of the structure analysis indicated that the polar groups introduced by the plasma just locate on the upper surface of the cross-linking layer and the chemical constitution and structure of the inner part of the cross-linking layer is similar to that of the uncross-linking HDPE. The cross-linking density of the gel decreases from the surface to the inside with a large gradient and the average cross-linking degree of the whole gel is rather low. Nevertheless, the experiment proved that this cross-linking layer can limit the mobility of the molecules in the cross-linking layer and hinder the decay of the treatment efficiency significantly. When the surface cross-linking induced by plasma reaches a certain extent, the treatment efficiency will remain relatively constant in storage. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070480106
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  • 6
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    Liquefaction Mechanism of Lignin in the Presence of Phenol at Elevated Temperature without Catalysts. Studies on ß-O-4 Lignin Model Compound. II. Reaction Pathway (1997)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-3830
    Electronic ISSN: 1437-434X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by De Gruyter
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  • 7
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    Liquefaction Mechanism of Lignin in the Presence of Phenol at Elevated Temperature without Catalysts. Studies on ß-0-4 Lignin Model Compound. III. Multi-Condensation (1997)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-3830
    Electronic ISSN: 1437-434X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by De Gruyter
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  • 8
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    Liquefaction Mechanism of Lignin in the Presence of Phenol at Elevated Temperature without Catalysts. Studies on ß-O-4 Lignin Model Compound. I. Structural Characterization of the Reaction Products (1997)
    De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-3830
    Electronic ISSN: 1437-434X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by De Gruyter
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