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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroplastic changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: The estradiol effect is accompanied by increased exoendocytotic activity of neuronal membranes (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 16 (1996), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: estradiol ; arcuate nucleus ; freeze-fracture ; coated vesticles ; coated pits ; neuronal plasticity ; exoendocytotic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. In the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, estradiol induces coordinated changes in the number of axosomatic synapses, the amount of glial ensheathing, and the ultrastructure of the membrane of neuronal somas. In the present study we used conventional electron microscopy and freeze-fracture to examine cellular mechanisms responsible for the estradiol-induced chages at the membrane level. 2. In freeze-fracture replicas taken 10–60 min and 24 hr after injection of 17β-estradiol to adult ovariectomized females, it was found that there was a rapid increase in the number of exoendocytotic images that reached a plateau by 30 min. 3. In thin sections from animals injected 24 hr earlier we demonstrated a significant increase in coated vesicles in the periphery of the neurons and coated pits in the perikaryal membranes and decreased axosomatic synapses. 4. We conclude that these morphological alterations are signaling estrogen-induced transport and/or turnover of perikaryal membrane constituents and extracellular components which may affect interneuronal and neuroglial interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088180
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gonadal steroids and astroglial plasticity (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 16 (1996), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: estradiol ; progesterone ; testosterone ; neurosteroids ; pregnenolone ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; glial fibrillary acidic protein ; reactive astroglia ; synaptic plasticity ; neural cell adhesion molecule ; insulin-like growth factor I
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Recent evidence indicates that astroglia participate in the metabolism of gonadal hormones, in the synthesis of neurosteroids, and in the plastic responses of neurons to gonadal steroids. The role of astroglia on plastic responses of neural tissue to gonadal hormones and neurosteroids is examined in this review. 2. Gonadal steroids and neurosteroids promote astroglia plasticity in several areas of the central nervous system, including the hypothalamus, the striatum, and the hippocampus. 3. Gonadal steroids and neurosteroids modulate astroglia proliferation and the formation of reactive astroglia after brain injury. 4. Astroglia is a source of trophic factors that may mediate effects of gonadal steroids on neural tissue. 5. Astroglia is involved in the promotion of synaptic plastic changes by gonadal hormones. 6. The effect of gonadal hormones on astroglial plasticity is dependent on specific membrane interactions with neurons and on the expression of the embryonic highly polysialylated isoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule on neuronal membranes. 7. In conclusion, coordinated responses of neurons and astroglia appear to be involved in the modulation of neural function and response to injury by gonadal hormones and neurosteroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088178
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential neuronal mechanisms of estrogen actions in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 16 (1996), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: estradiol ; arcuate nucleus ; gonadotropin releasing hormone ; ovarian cycle ; synaptogenesis ; synaptic plasticity ; GABA ; dopamine ; β-endorphin ; neural cell adhesion molecule ; insulin-like growth factor I
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Studies conducted on the rat arcuate nucleus, an area involved in the development and control of LH and FSH secretion, have shown the existence of hormonally regulated developmental sex differences in synaptic patterns and estrogen-induced synaptic plasticity during adult life. Several questions raised by these findings are examined in this review: 2. The mechanisms of estrogen-regulated developmental synaptogenesis. These include the role of glycocalyx glycoproteins in neuronal membranes, neural cell adhesion molecules, and insulin-like growth factor I. 3. The relationship among circulating estrogen, gonadotropin levels, and hypothalamic synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence for the role of GABAergic and dopaminergic synaptic inputs and POMC projections from the arcuate nucleus to the GnRH cells is discussed. 4. The synaptologic basis of age-related failure of positive feedback. The role of the cumulative effect of repeated preovulatory synaptic retraction and reapplication cycles on sensescent constant estrus is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088177
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