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  • Organic Chemistry  (16)
  • General Chemistry  (8)
  • ionizable mobile carrier  (2)
  • Selbstorganisation
  • N ligands
  • Supramolekulare Chemie
  • 1985-1989  (26)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 89 (1986), S. 251-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; ionizable mobile carrier ; transport kinetics ; lipid membrane ; alkali cations ; valinomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of K+ and Na+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (L.U.V.) were compared at two pH's, with two carriers: (222)C 10-cryptand (diaza-1, 10-decyl-5-hexaoxa-4,7,13,16,21,24-bicyclo[8.8.8.]hexacosane) and valinomcyin, i.e. an ionizable macrobicyclic amino polyether and a neutral macrocyclic antibiotic. The rate of cation transport by (222)C10 saturated as cation and carrier concentrations rose. The apparent affinity of (222)C10 for K+ was higher and less pH dependent than that for Na+ but resembled the affinity of valinomycin for K+. The efficiency of (222)C10 transport of K+ decreased as the pH fell and the carrier concentration rose, and was about ten times lower than that of valinomycin. Noncompetitive K+/Na+ transport selectivity of (222)C10 decreased as pH, and cation and carrier concentrations rose, and was lower than that of valinomycin. Transport of alkali cations by (222)C10 and valinomycin was noncooperative. Reaction orders in cationn(S) and carrierm(M) varied with the type of cation and carrier and were almost independent of pH;n(S) andm(M) were not respectively dependent on carrier or cation concentrations. The apparent estimated constants for cation translocation by (222)C10 were higher in the presence of Na+ than of K+ due to higher carrier saturation by K+, and decreased as pH and carrier concentration increased. Equilibrium potential was independent of the nature of carrier and transported cation. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physicochemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nature and Stability of Some Metallic Complexes of Dinucleating Cryptands in Solution II. Polythiamacrotricycles and Related Monocyclic SubunitsThe stability constants of the Cu2+ and Ag+ complexes of the cylindrical macrotricycle 1a (1,7,13,19-tetraaza 4,16-dioxa 10,22,27,32-tetrathiatricyclo[17.5.5.5]tetratriacontane) have been determined by pH-metry, as well as those of the Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Ag+ complexes of the monocyclic subunit 2a (1,7-dimethyl-1,7-diaza 4,10-dithiacyclododecane), in aqueous solutions (NaClO4) at 25°. In the Cu(II) systems, equilibria were reached slowly, and the results established by pH-metry were confirmed by UV/VIS spectrophotometric studies. The tricycle 1a forms dinuclear cryptates with copper and silver, with overall stability constants log β210 (Cu2-1a)4+ = 18.5, log β21-2 (Cu2-1a(OH)2)2+ = 4.8, log β210(Ag2-1a)2+ = 23.0. Ag+ also forms a mononuclear (Ag-1a)+ complex, with log β110 = 13.1, but no mononuclear species were detected in the Cu-1a system. The absorption spectra of the bis-Cu(II) complexes of 1a and 2a in aqueous medium, MeOH and propylene carbonate (PC) are given, as well as those, in MeOH and PC, of the bis-copper complexes of the related monocycles 3 and 4 (1,7-diaza-4,10,13-trithiacyclopentadecane and 1.10-diaza 4,7,13,16-tetrathiacyclooctadecane, respectively), and tricycle 5 with two benzyl groups in the lateral chains.The complexing properties of the polyoxa- and polythia macrotricycles (Parts I and II of this series) are compared to those of other bis-chelating ligands, the bicyclic bis-tren and the monocyclic bis-dien.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optically active (4S,8S)-4, 8-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene ((S,S)-1) has been synthesized in nine steps from L-asparagine with a total yield of 5.1%. Similarly, the enantiomer (R,R)-1 has been prepared from D-asparagine. (S,S)- and (S,S)-1 are representative examples of rigid and functionalized bicyclic guanidine systems and constitute useful intermediates in the construction of chiral selective anion-receptor molecules.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 70 (1987), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2,7-diazapyrenium group (DAP2+) combines the features of pyrene, of methylviologen, and of nucleicacid intercalators and may thus present a variety of interesting properties. The cations 1 and 2 and the bis-diazapyrenium species 3 have been synthesized and shown to bind molecular anions like aromatic polycarboxylates, giving rise to pronounced shifts of 1H-NMR signals, modifications of UV/VIS absorption spectra, and quenching of fluorescence. The complexes formed probably have a face-to-face structure, and their stability constants are remarkably high, in particular for the bis-diazapyrenium cation 3 which is susceptible to form intercalative chelate complexes such as 9(log Ks ≈ 3 for 1, up to ca. 7 or more for 3a). Neutral molecules like adenine are also bound, but much less strongly. Visible-light irradiation of Me2DAP2+ (1) in presence of various electron donors, such as EDTA, gives the reduced species Me2DAP+ wich has been characterized by UV/VIS and ESR spectroscopy. The results indicate that Me2DAP2+ (1) functions as a methylviologen analogue, photoactive in visible light. Thus 2,7-diazapyrenium cations are attractive subunits for incorporation into macropolycyclic structures to give photo- and electroactive receptor molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 69 (1986), S. 587-603 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three macrocyclic hexaamines 1, 2, and 4, and the acyclic tetraamine 5 and hexaamine 6 have been synthesized. The hexaamines 1, 2, and 4 are ditopic coreceptor molecules containing two triamine subunits which may bind anionic substrates when protonated. The stability constants of the complexes between the protonated forms of the macrocyclic polyamines and terminal dicarboxylates -O2C-(CH2)m- CO2- as well as amino-acid and dipeptide dicarboxylates have been determined by pH-metric measurements. Around neutral pH, 1 and 2 give mainly complexes of the fully protonated species 1·6H+ and 2·6H+, whereas 4 yields predominantly complexes of 4·5H+ and 4·4H+. The stability sequences of the complexes formed indicate preferential binding of the dianionic substrates whose length is compatible with the separation of the triammonium binding subunits in the protonated receptor molecules 1, 2, and 4. This selectivity pattern corresponds to a process of linear molecular recognition based on ditopic binding between the two ammonium subunits of the coreceptor and the terminal carboxylates of the substrate of complementary length. The complexes of the acyclic ligands 5 and 6 are much weaker and much less selective, indicating a marked macrocyclic effect on both stability and selectivity of binding, i.e. on recognition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [fac-Re(bpy) (CO)3Cl] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) is an efficient homogeneous catalyst for the selective and sustained photochemical or electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. A quantum yield of 14% and a faradic efficiency of 98% were measured in the presence of excess Cl- ions. The photochemical process took place under visible-light irradiation and consumed a tertiary amine as electron donor. A formato-rhenium complex was isolated in the absence of excess Cl- ions. Substitution by Cl- ion generated free formate, but no CO was detected. Luminescence measurements showed that the tertiary amine quenches the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state of the rhenium complex via a reductive mechanism, with a rate constant of 3.4 × 107M-1S-1. The 19e-complex [Re(bpy) (CO)3X]- produced either photochemically or electrochemically appears to be the active precursor in the CO-generation process. Detailed spectroscopic studies on 13C-enriched carbonyl-rhenium and formato-rhenium complexes derived from 13C-enriched CO2 were performed in order to confirm the origin of the products and to study the exchange of the ligands. A mechanism for the present CO2 photoreduction process is presented; it involves separate pathways for CO and formate generation, in which the [Re(bpy) (CO)3X] complex plays the role of both the photoactive and the catalytic center.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 70 (1987), S. 1312-1319 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The macrocyclic polyamines 4-6, when protonated, bind strongly and selectively nucleotides (AMP, ADP, ATP) and pyrophosphate in aqueous solution. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed was determined by titration experiments followed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 4 and 5 form 1:1 complexes with ATP, ADP, and pyrophosphate, whereas 6 forms complexes with ATP and ADP involving 2 nucleotides and 1 receptor molecule. The stability constants of these complexes have been determined by pH-metric measurements. At pH 7, both 5 and 6 give complexes of mainly the fully protonated species 5.6H+ and 6.8H+, whereas 4 yields predominantly complexes of 4.5H+ and 4.4H+.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 71 (1988), S. 749-756 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stability constants for anion binding by the acyclic hexaamine 1, its macrocyclic analogue 2, and the bicyclic compound 3 in their protonated forms are reported. Compound 3 forms stable and selective complexes with halide ions, the stability sequence being I- 〉 Br- 〉 Cl-. Compound 2 forms more stable complexes with sulfate, oxalate, and malonate dianions than its acyclic analogue 1 and shows a better selectivity pattern. Compound 3 forms stronger complexes with oxalate2- than 2 and shows a remarkably high binding selectivity between oxalate2- and malonate2-. The comparison of the ability of 1-3 to complex anions demonstrates the macrocyclic and macrobicyclic effects on anion binding stability and selectivity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sythetic procedures have been deweloped for the preparation of sodium and lithium cryptates of the macrabicyclic ligands 1-11 containing pyridine, bipyridine, and biisoquinoline groups. They involve stepwise construction of the bicyclic system as will as direct macrobicyclisation procedures (Scheme 1) and give access to both symmetrical and dissymmetrical structures. Marked cation template effects have been found that facilitate the cyclisation processes. The ligands 1-11 were isolated as their cryptates with Na+ or Li+ cations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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