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1

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Water flow patterns and pesticide fluxes in an upland soil in northern Thailand (2005)

Ciglasch, H. ; Amelung, W. ; Totrakool, S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Rapid percolation of water through soil facilitates both the recharge and the contamination of groundwater reservoirs. We have studied the variation of water flux and pesticide leaching through a soil in northern Thailand. At a depth of 55 cm, two pits were equipped with tensiometer-controlled glass suction lysimeters that were connected to a novel on-line solid-phase extraction device. Nine insecticides varying in water solubility from 10−2 to 10+6 mg l−1 were applied on the soil surface, and leaching was monitored for 8 weeks. Measured water fluxes were compared with simulated values. Total recovery ranged from traces (malathion, triazophos) to 1.3% (dimethoate) of the applied amount, showing a decreasing retardation with increasing polarity of the substances. All pesticides were detectable in the soil solution during the first rain after application. Due to fingering, 83% of the leachate was transported through 38% of the area at leaching rates of 〈 2 mm per day. A new adaptation of the Simpson Index revealed that the diversity of the flow pattern increased exponentially with decreasing rates of seepage water flux (R2 = 0.80). No such correlation was found when leaching was faster, indicating that the flow pattern switched from a fingering- to a matric-dominated flux. No long-term leaching of insecticides was observed. The two profiles studied behaved similarly in terms of both water and pesticide transport. Therefore we suggest that the flow pattern is a stable property of the soil that can be accurately described by our combination of novel experimental setup and statistical analysis of the flow field.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00712.x

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2

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Adsorption controls mobilization of colloids and leaching of dissolved phosphorus (2004)

Siemens, J. ; Ilg, K. ; Lang, F. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Loss of phosphorus (P) from agriculture contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. We have assessed the magnitude and controls of P leaching and the risk of colloid-facilitated transport of P from sandy soils in Münster. Concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were monitored from 0.9 to 35 m depth. Total P concentrations, P saturation, and P sorption isotherms of soil samples were determined. Concentrations of dispersible soil P and colloidal P in drainage water and groundwater were investigated. The concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were close to background concentrations (〈 20 µg P l−1). Median concentrations in excess of 100 µg P l−1 were found down to 5.6 m depth at one of four research sites and in the lower part of the aquifer. Experimentally determined equilibrium concentrations and the degree of P saturation were good predictors of P concentrations of drainage water. Large concentrations of dispersible P were released from soil with large concentrations of oxalate-extractable P and addition of P induced further dispersion. Colloidal P was transported in a P-rich subsoil when there was a large flow of water and after nitrate had been flushed from the soil profile and total solute concentrations were small. We conclude that the concentration of soluble reactive P in drainage water is controlled by rapid adsorption in the sandy soils. Subsurface transport of dissolved P contributes substantially to the loss of P from the soils we investigated. Accumulation of P in soils increases the risk of colloid-facilitated leaching of P.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2004.00596.x

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3

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Effect of dissolved organic matter on the precipitation and mobility of the lead compound chloropyromorphite in solution (2003)

Lang, F. ; Kaupenjohann, M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Chloropyromorphite, CPM, Pb5(PO4)3Cl, is one of the most insoluble lead minerals. Inducing the formation of CPM by application of phosphate to soil has been suggested for immobilizing Pb at contaminated sites. We have examined the effect of organic matter on the completeness and the rate of CPM precipitation and on the particle size and the mobility of CPM crystals. We did experiments at pH 3–7 and with varying content of dissolved organic C, 0–72 mg C l−1, mixing Pb(NO3)2 (0.5 mmol l−1) and phosphate (2 mmol l−1) solutions. The organic matter was extracted from samples of a forest floor. The precipitates were identified by X-ray diffraction, and their size and shape were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and by photon correlation spectroscopy. The presence of organic matter in the solutions did not affect the mass of CPM that precipitated within 30 minutes at pH 5, 6 and 7. At pH 3 and 4, however, organic matter strongly inhibited the precipitation. The particles were markedly smaller in solutions containing organic matter than without at all pHs and passed through water-saturated columns filled with calcareous sand, whereas the precipitates from the carbon-free solutions did not. We suggest that the organic matter blocked the surfaces of crystal seeds and impaired crystal growth. At high pH, organic matter may additionally decrease the crystal size of the individual crystals by increasing the number of crystal seeds. We conclude that organic matter in the solution might limit the potential of phosphate to immobilize Pb in soil because it favours the formation of mobile colloids.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00505.x

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4

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Increase in denitrification capacity of soils due to addition of alkylbenzene sulfonates (1999)

Friedel, J. K. ; Langer, T. ; Rommel, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 397-402

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Surfactants ; Alkylbenzene sulfonate ; Denitrification ; Soil microbial activity ; Wastewater irrigation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In semi-arid regions wastewater irrigation is a valuable resource for agricultural production. The contamination of irrigated soils with surfactants is one of the ecological risks related to irrigating with untreated wastewater. In this study, the effects of branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS) on microbial biomass, respiratory activity, and denitrification capacity of soil samples (eutric vertisols) taken from an irrigation district in the Mexico City area were investigated in laboratory experiments. Increasing concentrations of ABS lead to a decrease in soil microbial biomass and an increase in soil respiratory activity as well as in the metabolic quotient (qCO2) of the soils. Denitrification capacity was lowest without the addition of ABS and highest at a medium ABS concentration of 50 μg g–1. Denitrification capacity seems to be highly sensitive to ABS addition at moderate concentrations. From the laboratory results, high rates of denitrification and N2O evolution from fields irrigated with wastewater containing ABS are expected.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050511

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5

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Effects of N-immissions on nutrient status and vitality ofPinus sylvestris near a hen-house (1989)

Kaupenjohann, M. ; Döhler, H. ; Bauer, M.

Springer

Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 279-282

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: forest decline ; nitrogen immission ; nutrient status ; Pinus sylvestris

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Near a hen house (50–600 m), vitality ofPinus sylvestris, N-, P-, K-, Ca-, Mg-contents of the needles, N-, Mg-, K-, Ca- and Al-contents in soil extracts and NH3/NH 4 + -contents of the air were determined. Damage symptoms occurred when N-immissions hit the canopy directly. In contrast no visible decline of the above ground plant could be observed if N was mainly deposited on the soil.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280193

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6

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Influence of the Soil Solution Composition on Retention and Release of Sulfate in Acid Forest Soils (1998)

Kaiser, K. ; Kaupenjohann, M.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 363-376

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: salt effect ; SO4 ; SO4 2- release ; SO4 2- retention

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract The potential for sulfate retention is an important soil feature for buffering of atmospheric acid deposition. We studied the effects of increasing additions of different neutral salts and acids on mobilization and retention of SO4 2- in acid forest soils. Soils containing up to 11 mmol SO4 2- kg-1 were equilibrated with H2O, NaCl, MgCl2, and HCl. Release of SO4 2- was highest with H2O and NaCl additions and lowest when HCl was used. Increasing the ionic strength of the added solutions caused decreasing SO4 2- concentrations in equilibrium solution. Decreasing pH in equilibrium solution was found to be the reason for the decrease in release. Even when the pH was 〈 4, the SO4 2- release decreased. We assume that this finding resulted from the fact that in the soils studied the SO4 2- sorption was controlled by the high contents of Fe oxides/hydroxides. Experiments with Na2SO4, MgSO4, and H2SO4 demonstrated that the B horizons already containing high amounts of SO4 2- were still able to retain SO4 2-. Sulfate retention increased in the order Na2SO4 〈 MgSO4 〈 H2SO4, which corresponds to increasing H+ availability. The higher SO4 2- retention along with MgSO4 compared to Na2SO4 may be caused by higher potential of Mg to mobilize soil acidity compared to Na.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004902602295

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