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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 302-308 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Individual culture shock is a well known and evidenced phenomenon. It describes the psychological and also physical reactions of a person staying abroad. These reactions are the result of confrontation with a foreign culture. According to the authors such reactions also exist on the level of society as a whole. This "collective culture shock" influences management and business relations and causes problems. A theory of the collective culture shock is developed that analyses these problems and provides a framework for solutions. This theory suggests that cultural processes and features in transition countries that are usually attributed to the communist heritage are the result of collective culture shock.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 30 (1993), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Copolymerizations of ethylene or propylene with butadiene, 1,5-hexadiene or 1,7-octadiene by MgH2/TiCl4-AlEt3 catalyst system were carried out. The effect of diene concentration in the reaction medium for each polymerization system on catalytic activity was observed. The compositions of the obtained copolymers were evaluated and the reactivity ratios were determined. Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymerizations with the same catalyst system were also investigated.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirica 5 (1978), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade is examined on the basis of the 1964 input-output table. Eight variants were calculated in which tourist industry, imported intermediate consumption, and extractive industries, as well as agriculture trade, and transport were variously included and excluded. Calculations are based on domestic capital and labour intensities, as is done in all similar studies. In 1964 capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade was neutral. The inclusion of tourism and of extractive industries, agriculture et al. results in a higher relative capital intensity in Austrian exports. It follows from the calculations that the capital intensity of imports was definitely not higher than that of exports; a certain proponderance of higher imports was identified in the case of human capital.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economics 41 (1981), S. 111-132 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusions We started this paper from the widely accepted hypothesis that there is a significant price bias in socialist economies which undervalues investment as compared with market economies, but a comparison of the deviations of linear model prices (production prices, extended production prices, cost prices, and labour value prices) from actual prices in Austria and Hungary does not support this hypothesis: 1) The deviations of actual aggregated prices from linear model prices of both countries are very similar (r=0.85). In both countries basic and food industries make profits which are smaller than average, while more dynamic industries with a higher share in new products obtain above average profits. 2) At production prices and extended production prices the relative price effect is stronger than the turnover tax effect and runs counter to it. Since this is the case in both countries it cannot be concluded that the share of investment in national income is distorted on the low side in Hungary.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 228 (1967), S. 419-422 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine modifizierte Thunberg-Methode berichtet, die es gestattet, die Kinetik von Reaktionen unter anaeroben Bedingungen mit hoher Genauigkeit (Fehler ± 1%) zu verfolgen. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wird die AktivitÄtsbestimmung von Xanthinoxydase mit Xanthin und Methylenblau als Acceptor beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A modified Thunberg method is proposed allowing the observation of the kinetics of reactions under anaerobic conditions with high accuracy (error ±1%). As an example of application the estimation of the activity of xanthine oxidase acting on xanthine and methylene blue as an acceptor is described.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper deals with the application of a plug flow reactor in connection with quantitative gelpermeation-chromatographical analysis to the polymerization of ethylene catalysed by the soluble Ziegler-Natta-system (C5H5)2 Ti(R)Cl/Al(C2H5)Cl2 (with R = ethyl or higher alkyl).By this method unambiguous kinetic detail is accessible particulary during the formation of the oligomers. So an alkyl transfer between the Al- and the Ti-component and an influence of the chain length on the propagation rate were determined.In the case of (C2H5)2Ti(n-C6H13)Cl the insertion step of one ethylene requires 95 msec in toluene at a temperature of 10°C and a concentration of ethylene of 0,22 mole/1.
    Notes: Es wird die Anwendung des Strömungsrohres in Kombination mit quantitativer gelchromatographischer Analyse auf die Äthylenpolymerisation mit dem löslichen Ziegler-Natta-System (C5H5)2 Ti(R)Cl/Al(C2H5)Cl2 (mit R = Äthyl oder höhere Homologe) als eine Meßmethode beschrieben, die gerade im Oligomerenbereich eindeutige kinetische Aussagen ermöglicht. Sie erbrachte die Aufklärung einer Alkylübertragungsreaktion zwischen der Al- und der Ti-Komponente sowie eine Kettenlängenabhängigkeit der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit.Die Dauer eines Äthyleninsertionsschrittes bei (C5H5)2 Ti(n-C6H13)Cl konnte in Toluol bei 10°C und 0,22 mol/l Äthylenkonzentration gemessen werden: sie beträgt 95 msec.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 105 (1982), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: There is a specific relation between the mechanism of a polyreaction and the resulting molecular weight distribution of the formed polymer. The paper deals with the demonstration of this statement by means of the polymerization of ethylene with soluble Ziegler-catalysts of the type Cp2TiRCl/AlEtCl2. For that purpose as the “measuring instrument” a sequence of molecular weight distributions was produced in dependence on the parameter time, ratio Al/Ti (that is the concentration of active species), chain length of the starting Ti-component, for instance. These experimental distributions were opposed to theoretical distributions calculated basing on the reaction scheme of the two successive equilibria and the propagation process of a growing species as an intermittent process; that scheme has been established by our extensive kinetical analysis and mathematical modelling. The good agreement of the resulting binomial distributions with the experimental distributions in dependence on the various kinetical parameters is another independent proof for the reaction sequence of the two successive equilibria for the formation of the active species in soluble Ziegler-catalyst systems.
    Notes: Mechanismus einer Polyreaktion und entstehende Molmassenverteilung stehen in spezifischem Zusammenhang. Dies am Beispiel der Ethylenpolymerisation mit löslichen Ziegler-Katalysator-Systemen vom Typ Cp2TiRCl/AlEtCl2 zu zeigen, ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Dazu wurde zunächst als „Meßgröße“ nach der Methode der „Oligomerenkinetik im Strömungsrohr“ eine Reihe von Molmassenverteilungen in Abhängigkeit der Parameter z. B. Zeit, Verhältnis Al/Ti (Konzentration an aktiver Spezies), Kettenlänge an der Titankomponente, experimentell erzeugt und diesen dann die entsprechenden, anhand einer quantitativen Modellrechnung auf der Basis des durch polymerisationskinetische Analyse und mathematische Modellierung erstellten Reaktionsschemas der successiven Gleichgewichte unter vereinfachenden, aber zulässigen Voraussetzungen berechneten Verteilungen gegenübergestellt. Die Übereinstimmung der resultierenden Binominalverteilungen mit den experimentellen Verteilungen in Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen kinetischen Parameter ist voll befriedigend und liefert damit einen weiteren unabhängigen Beweis für die Reaktionsfolge der successiven Gleichgewichte zur Bildung der aktiven Spezies in löslichen Ziegler-Katalysator-Systemen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 105 (1982), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By means of the soluble Ziegler-catalyst system Cp2TiRCl/AlEtCl2 produced oligomer distributions of ethylene have been analyzed in a new kinetic way. By this evaluation from the integrated molecular weight distributions a total monomer consumption was determined, which led to an “average”, but because of the very short reaction times, very precise polymerization rate. This so accessable kinetic analysis leads to insight in detail of the concentration of the active species, in detail of the superposition of the Al isotherm and the dependence on the chain length, and in detail of the independence of the chain length of the transfer reaction from the AlEthyl to Ti-component.
    Notes: Die mit Hilfe der „Oligomerenkinetik im Strömungsrohr“ mit dem löslichen Ziegler-Katalysator-System Cp2TiRCl/AlEtCl2 erzeugten Oligomerenverteilungen des Ethylens lassen sich auch kinetisch auswerten, indem man aus den planimetrierten Gelchromatogrammen der Molmassenverteilungen einen Gesamtmonomerverbrauch ermittelt, der zu einer „mittleren“, aber wegen der sehr kurzen Reaktionszeiten sehr genauen Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit führt. Die so zugängliche kinetische Analyse führt z. B. zu Aussagen über die Konzentration an polymerisationsaktiver Spezies, über die von der Kettenlängenabhängigkeit überlagerte Al-Isotherme sowie über die Kettenlängenunabhängigkeit der Übertragungsreaktion von Al-Ethyl auf die Titankomponente.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary and most rapid reaction in the soluble Ziegler catalyst system Cp2TiEtCl/AlEtCl2 is the formation of the primary complex equilibrium. By means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy and quantitative line shape analysis the kinetic and thermodynamic data of this equilibrium have been discovered for the first time. So for instance the primary complex formation is a diffusion controlled reaction with a second order rate constant in the order of magnitude 1010 to 1011. The equilibrium constant of the primary complex was determined as to be 5 · 103 ≤ K1 ≤ 5 · 104 l/mol at 240 K. By this way the Al isotherm, for the first time measurable, proved the exact Al:Ti = 1:1 stoichiometry of the primary complex.
    Notes: In dem löslichen Ziegler-Katalysator-System Cp2TiEtCl/AlEtCl2 stellt sich zwischen den Komponenten in erster und schnellster Reaktion das Primärkomplexgleichgewicht ein. Die kinetischen und thermodynamischen Daten dieses Primärkomplexgleichgewichts konnten durch dynamische 13C-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen mit quantitativer Linienformanalyse erstmalig eruiert werden. So erfolgt z. B. die Primärkomplexbildung in einer diffusionskontrollierten Reaktion, deren Geschwindigkeitskonstante (bei 280 K) zu k = 1010 bis 1011 (1/mol · s) eingegrenzt werden konnte. Die Gleichgewichtskonstante des Primärkomplexes ergab sich zu K1 = 5 · 103 bis 5 · 104 (1/mol) bei 240 K. Die Al-Isotherme bewies hier ferner die exakte Al : Ti = 1:1 Stöchiometrie. Es lieght nahe, daß der Primärkomplex ein Donor-Akzeptoraddukt ist, in dem ein freies Elektronenpaar des Titanchloroliganden gegenüber dem Al-Alkyl-Monomeren als Lewis-Base fungiert.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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