ALBERT

Notes: This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part the consequences of permanent differences in the rates of productivity growth between economic activities are dealt with. Special attention is given to the substitution of self-service activities for marketed services. The former are tentatively defined as activities carried out outside the market having the following principal inputs: consumer's time, industrial products (mainly durables), and energy. The emergence of self-service activities challenges the conventional division of man's time into work for market and leisure, which should be replaced by a more detailed breakdown. Consumers’preference for self-service results mainly from high taxation, high real wages and equality in the distribution of personal income. Because of the growth of self-service activities in industrialized countries a non-negligible part of the population's productive effort will be difficult to record, since it will neither appear on the market nor have market value. The need to record self-service activities would be most strongly felt in statistics on private consumption, but would also have consequences in the measurement of the nation's welfare. One should make a distinction between consumption of marketed services and their self-service substitutes in order to provide information on the complementarity of the energy, time and material inputs into various self-service activities and on the substitutability between them and marketed services. This could perhaps be done with the help of extended commodity-private expenditure matrices. The recording as well as the valuation of non-market working time would probably cause great difficulties. Self-service activities are also becoming sufficiently important to warrant their inclusion in the debate on the measurement of the nation's productive effort and of the nation's welfare. But any recording of self-service activities would be a controversial measure since it would require recourse to imputations on a large scale.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwischen 1964 und 1976 ist in Österreich die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen nur um 0,3% gestiegen. Die Beschäftigungsstruktur nach Wirtschaftsbereichen hat sich aber grundlegend verändert. Um festzustellen, woher die Impulse zu diesen Strukturverschiebungen kommen —aus dem Außenhandel, aus der heimischen Nachfrage oder aus dem ungleichmäßigen Produktivitätswachstum —, wurde ein auf der Grundlage der Input-Output-Analyse entwickeltes Verfahren verwendet. Datenbasis der Untersuchung waren die einzigen zwei verfügbaren österreichischen Input-Output-Tabellen für 1964 und 1976 (zu konstanten Preisen von 1976). Zwischen 1964 und 1976 hat die heimische Endnachfrage in Österreich um 65,6% zugenommen (zu konstanten Preisen von 1976, ohne Mehrwertsteuer, nach den Angaben in den Input-Output-Tabellen). Hätte es keine Strukturänderungen gegeben (d. h. bei einem gleichschrittigen Wachstum der Wirtschaft), würde dem ein hypothetischer Zuwachs der Erwerbstätigen um 2,223.900 Personen entsprechen. Steigende Arbeitsproduktivität verringerte gleichzeitig den Bedarf an Erwerbstätigen um 1,995.500 Personen. Die Differenz beider Zahlen beträgt 228.400 Personen, der tatsächliche Zuwachs der Erwerbstätigen betrug jedoch nur 9.700 Personen. Das bedeutet, daß die Strukturänderungen zwischen 1964 und 1976 produktivitätsfördernd (arbeitssparend) waren und eine hypothetische Einsparung von 218.700 Personen zur Folge hatten. Davon entfielen nach den Ergebnissen der Input-Output-Analyse 43.600 Personen auf den Außenhandel (d. h. Export und Import, die stärksten Effekte hatte die Verdrängung der heimischen Produktion durch Importe in der Endnachfrage, vorwiegend im privaten Konsum und in den Brutto-Anlageinvestitionen). Auf Änderungen der Struktur der heimischen Endnachfrage entfällt eine Verminderung der Zahl der Erwerbstätigen um 101.100 Personen, auf Änderungen im intermediären Bereich (die durch Technologieänderungen, Vertiefung der Arbeitsteilung und Änderungen in der Produktzusammensetzung innerhalb einzelner Bereiche verursacht wurden) ein Rückgang der Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften von 73.900 Personen. Neben dem “reinen” Importsubstitutionseffekt im Außenhandel wurde die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften einerseits durch die Verschiebung zu Bereichen mit höherer Importquote (z. B. von Nahrungsmitteln zu Pkw), andererseits durch Abwanderung der Erwerbstätigen aus Bereichen mit niedriger Wertschöpfung je Erwerbstätigen (z. B. aus der Landwirtschaft oder aus der Textilindustrie) verursacht. Der Aufsatz gibt auch Auskunft über die Impulse zu den Änderungen der Zahl der Erwerbstätigen in einzelnen Wirtschaftsbereichen.

Notes: Summary Capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade is examined on the basis of the 1964 input-output table. Eight variants were calculated in which tourist industry, imported intermediate consumption, and extractive industries, as well as agriculture trade, and transport were variously included and excluded. Calculations are based on domestic capital and labour intensities, as is done in all similar studies. In 1964 capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade was neutral. The inclusion of tourism and of extractive industries, agriculture et al. results in a higher relative capital intensity in Austrian exports. It follows from the calculations that the capital intensity of imports was definitely not higher than that of exports; a certain proponderance of higher imports was identified in the case of human capital.

Notes: Summary Between 1964 and 1970 the domestic demand in Austria increased by 61 per cent, the imports (cif) increased by 91 per cent (both in nominal terms). A comparison of the 1964 and (preliminary) 1970 input-output tables (both divided into 31 industries) explains the faster growth of imports due to the following five types of changes in the economic structure: (i) Changes in the share of consumption, capital formation and exports in the total final demand; (ii) Changes in the pattern of final demand components; (iii) Changes in technology; (iv) Import-substitution in final demand; and (v) Import-substitution in intermediate demand. The first factor explains one fifth, the third factor one quarter, import substitution over one half of the differential increase in imports (with higher effect in the final demand). The impact of changes in the pattern of final demand components is close to zero because of the relative decrease in demand on imported agriculatural products and on coal on the one side and the almost equal increased demand on vehicles on the other. The study also contains information on the import content of final demand components for 1964 und 1970, on the marginal values of this indicator in nominal terms and an estimate of the import content in real terms (i.e. in prices of 1964). The increase in the imports was mainly due to the increase of competitive imports of manufacturing and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in exports of the same industries. This is explained by the intensive integration of the Austrian economy into the international division of labour. In this process a part of the domestic market was seceded to the foreign competition while the free capital and labour was used for production of competitive goods for exports.