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  • 1970-1974  (20)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 132 (1970), S. 7-22 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Kinetik der Pyrolyse von Baumwoll-Cellulose und Celluloseacetat von verschiedenem Substitutionsgrad untersucht. Der Bereich der Zersetzungstemperatur der Celluloseproben nimmt mit steigendem Substitutionsgrad ab, die Stabilität nimmt dagegen mit steigendem Substitutionsgrad zu. Es wird für die untersuchten Proben ein wahrscheinlicher Abbaumechanismus diskutiert. Sowohl für die Zersetzung der Proben als auch für die der Rückstände wurden Aktivierungsenergie und Reaktionsordnung bestimmt und mit DTA-Messungen in Beziehung gesetzt.
    Notes: Kinetics of pyrolysis of cotton cellulose and cellulose acetate with different degrees of substitution have been studied. The range of decomposition temperature of the cellulose samples was found to decrease with the increase in degree of substitution. However, the stability of the polymer increased as the degree of substitution increased. Probable mechanism of degradation of the test samples is discussed. Energy of activation and order of reaction for the decomposition of polymer samples as well as for the residual materials have been determined and correlated with DTA measurements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 11 (1972), S. 759-764 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 9 (1970), S. 139-144 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 37 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Changes in properties of sucrose solutions as a result of substituting lactose for a portion of the sucrose were studied at room temperature (27°C). The influence of a seeding regimen on the properties also was investigated. Seeding with sucrose or lactose favored crystallization of the sugar of higher concentration, whereas seeding a mixture of sucrose and lactose to less supersaturated solutions resulted in rapid crystallization of both sugars. Crystal habit of each sugar was influenced by increasing the concentration of the other. Solution viscosity following complete crystallization increased with the percentage of lactose. As the percentage of lactose in the supersaturated solution was increased, the proportion of lactose in the crystalline mass also increased, the proportion of sucrose decreased, and the hardness of the crystalline mass decreased. Type of seeding influenced the type and number of crystals and therefore influenced the properties of the system, but this was minor compared to the influence of composition. Application of this work to produce softer, smoother sugar products is suggested.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 36 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: SUMMARY— Moisture losses from solution of 40, 50, and 60% lactose, sucrose, glucose, and combinations of these sugars were determined at 80°F and 27 in. vacuum. Differences in rate of water loss of 20–50% were observed depending on type of sugar and concentration. Rate of water loss from solution was in ascending order of sucrose, lactose, glucose, and pure water. In mixtures, the rate increased with increased proportion of lactose or glucose, and decreased with increased proportion of sucrose. In all cases, after lactose crystallization occurred, the water loss first increased and then decreased.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 358-366 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die uniaxiale Deformation von Einkristallen und von Mehrschichtkristallen von Polyoxymethylen (POM) wurde ausgeführt und dabei gefunden, daß die Richtung senkrecht zum Zug für eine Rißbildung bevorzugt ist. Die Risse öffnen sich sehr wenig an Kristallen, die gut an der Unterlage haften, dagegen relativ stärker an den oberen Schichten von Mehrschichtkristallen. Mehrschichtkristalle, gebildet entweder aus der Stapelung von Lamellen oder mittels Schraubendislokationswachstum, zeigen einander ähnliches Deformationsverhalten. Aus den verschiedenen Ergebnissen läßt sich erkennen, daß die vorherrschende Art der Deformation von Kristallen eine Kombination umschließt von Mikronecking (Mikroeinschnürungen), Sprödbruch der Lamelle und Bildung von Fasern, Kippen in der Verstreckrichtung und Scherung längs Gleitlinien. Das Auftreten von Mosaikstrukturen bei deformierten Kristallen kann als Ergebnis einem kooperativen Mikronecking und Gleiten zugeschrieben werden. Die Gleitlinien entwickeln sich bei POM-Kristallen immer senkrecht und parallel zu den Wachstumsflächen in Bezug auf die Zugrichtungen. Einige der charakteristischen Züge, die während der Deformation beobachtet werden, sind die Bildung von Falten parallel zur Zugrichtung, zweitens von β-Fasern, welche als hochdeformierte Zustände von Lamellen betrachtet werden können, drittens von Fasern mit einer Perlenstruktur und viertens die Ausbildung einer Faser durch Zusammenfließen von Fasern aus verschiedenen oder auch derselben Lamelle. Ein wahrscheinlicher Mechanismus der Bildung von Artifakten während des Abdruckprozesses, der ein Dünnwerden einer Lamelle durch molekulares Abkippen zu sein scheint, wird vorgeschlagen. Die Verwendung von Natriumcarboxy-methyl-amylose im Abdruckprozeß scheint vorteilhaft zu sein und in der Tat bleiben die Natriumcarboxy-methyl-amylose im Abdruckprozeß scheint vorteilhaft zu sein und in der Tat bleiben die meisten Mikrodetails der deformierten Kristalle sogar bei höherer Vergrößerung erhalten.
    Notes: Summary The uniaxial deformation of single and multilayered crystals of polyoxymethylene was carried out and found that preference direction for crack formation was normal to the direction of drawing. The cracks are found to open very little on crystal well adhering to substrate while relatively more on the upper layer of multilayered crystals. Multilayered crystals, formed either by stacking of lamellae or from screw dislocation mechanism show similar behaviour of deformation. From the various results, it has been revealed that predominant mode of deformation of crystals involve combination of micronecking, “brittle” fracture of lamellae and formation of fibers, buckling in draw direction and shear along slip line. The development of mosaic structure in deformed crystals can be attributed to the result of cooperative micronecking and slip. The slip lines developed over POM crystals are always straight and parallel to growth faces irrespective of draw directions. Some of the characteristic features observed during the deformation are formation of (i) buckles parallel to draw direction, (ii) β-fibers which can be considered as highly deformed stage of lamella, (iii) fibers having “beaded” structure and (iv) a fiber by coalescence of fibers coming from different lamellae or from same lamella. A probable mechanism of formation of an artifact during the replicating process which appears as thinning of lamellae due to molecular tilting is advanced. Utilization of sodium carboxy Methyl Amylose in the replication process proved to be advantageous and in fact, most of the micro details of deformed crystals are retained even at a higher magnification.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 964-966 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wirkung von phenolen auf die Korrosion von Al 3S in SalzsäurelösungenDie inhibierende Wirkung einiger Phenole auf die Korrosion von Eisen in 0,5 n Salzsäure ist abhängig von der Konzentration und der Konstitution des jeweiligen Inhibitors. Die Wirkung nimmt ab in der Reihenfolge p-Thiokresol 〉 Pyrogallol 〉 Reihenfolge 〉 Phenol 〉 p-Kresol 〉 m-Kresol 〉 o-Kresol. Der geringe Hemmwert der Kresole scheint durch die Elektronendonator-Wirkung der CH3-Gruppen und durch deren Wechselwirkung mit der ebenfalls als Elektrodonator auftretenden OH-Gruppe bedingt zu sein. Die SH- und OH-Gruppen scheinen die Adsorption an den kathodischen Stellen ebenso zu erleichtern, wie es die π-Elektronen des aromatischen Ringes tun.
    Notes: The inhibiting effect of some phenols on the corrosion of iron in 0.5 N hydrochloric acid depends from the concentration and the constitution of the particular inhibitor. The effect decreases in the following order; p-thiocresol 〉 pyrogallol 〉 resorcinol 〉 phenol 〉 p-cresol 〉 m-cresol 〉 o-cresol. The low inhibiting power of the cresols appears to be due to the cresol appears to be due to the electron donating capacity of th CH3 groups and their interaction with OH groups which is an electron donator, too. The SH and OH groups appear to facilitate the adsorption on cathodic sites as do the π-electrons of the aromatic annulus.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 31 (1973), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein charakteristisches Dublett- und Triplettwachstum von Polyoxymethylen-Kristallen wird in verdünnter Brombenzollösung beobachtet. Die einfache, aber häufig beobachtete Kristallform und ihr Einfluß auf die Entstehung der gesamtmorphologischen Erscheinungsformen wird erläutert. Es wird herausgestellt, daß die einfache Kristallform hauptsächlich durch einen Schraubenversetzungsmechanismus vielschichtig wird. Gestalt und Orientierung der so auf den Dublett-Kristallen aufgewchsenen sekundären Erscheinungsformen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: A characteristic doublet and triplet growth of polyoxymethylene crystals is observed from the dilute solution in bromobenzene. The simple, but frequently observed crystal structure and its role in developing gross morphological features is illustrated. It is marked that mainly it gets multilayered by screw dislocation mechanism. Habit and orientation of secondary features so developed on the doublets are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 18 (1971), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Temperatur, Lösungsmittel und Molekulargewicht auf die Adsorption von Polymethylmethacrylat an Aluminiumsilikat und die Kinetik der Adsorption wurden untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten betragen 1,4 · 10-2 bei 30 °C und 1,0 · 10-2 min-1 bei 45 °C. Die Adsorptionsdaten wurden nach Langmuir und Simha-Frisch-Eirich ausgewertet. Zur Deutung der Ergebnisse erwies sich die Langmuir-Isotherme als geeignet.
    Notes: Effect of temperature, solvent power, and molecular weight on the adsorption of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) on aluminium silicate has been studied. Kinetics of adsorption have been also investigated at 30° and 45 °C. The values of rate constants at these temperatures are 1.4 · 10-2 and 1.0 · 10-2 min-1 respectively. The adsorption data have been analysed according to the Langmuir and the Simha-Frisch-Eirich (SFE) isotherms. The results could be adequately explained in terms of the Langmuir isotherm.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 25 (1972), S. 83-96 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Änderung von Konzentration oder Temperatur bei der Kristallisation von Polyacrylnitril aus Lösung in Propylen-carbonat durch die Filmbildungsmethode können - je nach den Bedingungen - bevorzugt Einkristalle, Zwillingskristalle, Hedrithe und Sphärolite erhalten werden. Einkristalle entstehen im Bereich von 105 bis 150°C aus verdännter Lösung und aus konzentrierter Lösung (〉 2,5%) bei höherer Temperatur. Durch Zunahme der Polymerkonzentration wird die Bildung von Garbensphäroliten und Hedrithen erreicht. Die Lamellendicke wächst mit der Kristallisationstemperatur an.Der Vorteil der Filmbildungstechnik liegt darin, daß sie einen weiten Konzentratïons- und Temperaturbereich anbietet, der nicht nur für kinetische Untersuchungen, sondern auch fur das Wachstum von Einkristallen aus der Polymerlösung geeignet ist.
    Notes: The present investigation revealed that the features like: single crystals, twin crystals, hedrites and spherulites could be grown by changing the concentration or temperature of crystallization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) from its solution in propylene carbonate and following the technique of film-formation method of crystallization. Different stages of growth have been also reported. The well defined single crystals of PAN could be grown in the temperature range of 105 to 150°C, even from the dilute solution. Single crystals of PAN could be also grown from concentrated solution (〉 2.5%) at higher temperature. Formation of spherulites from sheaf and hedrites has been achieved by increasing the concentration of the polymer solution. Lamellar thickness is found to increase with crystallization temperature.The potentiality of the film-formation technique is that it provides an extended range of concentration and temperature not only for the kinetic study but also for the growth of single crystals from polymer solutions.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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