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  • 1
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    Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Shifts in species' distribution and abundance in response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present the results of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis investigating the frequency and importance of different mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes of North America and Europe; almost half investigated bird populations. We found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic mechanisms than direct, abiotic mechanisms as mediators of the impact of climate on populations. In addition, biotic effects tended to have greater support than abiotic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, the impact of climate was equally mediated by biotic and abiotic mechanisms, whereas for higher level consumers the mechanisms were most frequently biotic, such as predation or food availability. Biotic mechanisms were more frequently supported in studies that reported a directional trend in climate than in studies with no such climatic change, although sample sizes for this comparison were small. We call for more mechanistic studies of climate change impacts on populations, particularly in tropical systems.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Complex mineral zoning patterns caused by ultra-local equilibrium at reaction interfaces (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-19
    Description: Chemically zoned minerals are useful records of temporal variations in ambient conditions and bulk chemical composition of the fluid from which the minerals precipitate. In fluid-buffered systems, zoning of mineral compositions is expected to reflect directly the evolution of fluid composition. Here we show that during rapid fluid-rock reactions, ultra-local equilibrium can form complex mineral zoning patterns, even when the overall system is highly fluid buffered. We reacted cleaved calcite single crystals with aqueous arsenate-phosphate solutions with molar ratios of As/(As + P) between 0.01 and 0.15 at 250 °C and water-saturated pressure. We find that complex zoning patterns and solid solution between hydroxylapatite- and arsenate-bearing hydroxylapatite that pseudomorphically replaced calcite formed within hours, and these zoning patterns were destroyed within days during secondary reactions. We propose a two-stage reaction process in the formation of the final reaction product. (1) On an hour time scale, calcite is dissolved and replaced by compositionally heterogeneous apatite. The thin reaction-interface fluid layer becomes extremely enriched in arsenic at an ultra-local scale as the reaction removes phosphate faster than the interface fluid can re-equilibrate with the bulk fluid. (2) The heterogeneous apatite is replaced by homogeneous apatite that reflects the bulk fluid composition over a longer (days) time scale through interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation. This paper highlights the complexity that can arise from ultra-local fluid composition variations due to rapid fluid-rock interaction in a short-lived fluid flow event, for example during a seismic cycle. Subsequent interpretation of complex zoning patterns as reflecting the evolution of bulk fluid would be erroneous.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 3
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    Inactivation of PI(3)K p110delta breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: Inhibitors against the p110delta isoform of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) have shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy in some human leukaemias. As p110delta is primarily expressed in leukocytes, drugs against p110delta have not been considered for the treatment of solid tumours. Here we report that p110delta inactivation in mice protects against a broad range of cancers, including non-haematological solid tumours. We demonstrate that p110delta inactivation in regulatory T cells unleashes CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells and induces tumour regression. Thus, p110delta inhibitors can break tumour-induced immune tolerance and should be considered for wider use in oncology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501086/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501086/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ali, Khaled -- Soond, Dalya R -- Pineiro, Roberto -- Hagemann, Thorsten -- Pearce, Wayne -- Lim, Ee Lyn -- Bouabe, Hicham -- Scudamore, Cheryl L -- Hancox, Timothy -- Maecker, Heather -- Friedman, Lori -- Turner, Martin -- Okkenhaug, Klaus -- Vanhaesebroeck, Bart -- 095691/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095691/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- 14355/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A10200/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A15965/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- BB/E009867/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- C18270/A12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C23338/A10200/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C23338/A15965/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):407-11. doi: 10.1038/nature13444. Epub 2014 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK [2]. ; 1] Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK [2] [3]. ; Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. ; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK. ; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK. ; Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK. ; Piramed Pharma, 957 Buckingham Avenue, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4NL, UK. ; Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, USA. ; 1] Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Immune Tolerance/*drug effects/immunology ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*enzymology/*immunology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*drug effects/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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