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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemical processes controlling the relationship between Co, Mn, and Fe in early diagenetic deep-sea nodules
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60 (1982), S. 226-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(82)90005-X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from Central Pacific seamount areas
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 68 (1984), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(84)90141-9
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal structures of manganese nodules related to conditions of sedimentation (1982)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 30 (1982), S. 81-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zehn Manganknollen aus einem Manganknollenfeld im Nordost-Pazifik wurden chemisch und mineralogisch untersucht. Zwei Arten von Wachstumszonen konnten innerhalb dieser Knollen beobachtet werden; sie wurden nach ihren jeweiligen Strukturen “laminierte” und “dendritische” Zonen genannt. Zwischen den Zonen in den Manganknollen und den Schichten im Sediment konnten Zusammenhänge beobachtet werden: Dendritische Zonen in den Manganknollen sind Produkte der diagenetischen Mobilisation der Metalle aus dem Sediment-sie entsprechen jeweils einer Sedimentschicht, in der sich frühdiagenetische Vorgänge abgespielt haben.-Laminierte Zonen in den Manganknollen sind Produkte der Ausfällung der Hydroxide aus dem Meereswasser. Sie entsprechen im Sediment den Perioden ohne frühdiagenetische Mobilisierung der Metalle. Die Verhältnisse von Mangan zu Nickel, Kupfer, Zink und Magnesium sind durch alle Wachstumszonen in den Knollen konstant, unabhängig davon, in welcher Form Mangan vorliegt. Das Verhältnis von Kobalt zu Eisen ändert sich von den laminierten zu den dendritischen Zonen. Die einzige Komponente in den Knollen, die ihren Anteil bei diagenetischen Prozessen ändert, ist Wasser: die älteren Zonen enthalten weniger Wasser als die jüngeren. Mit diesen Ereignissen läßt sich das Wachstum der Manganknollen in den geologischen Ablauf einordnen. Die Geschichte der heute vorhandenen Knollen beginnt während des aus der Geologie bekannten Sedimentations-Hiatus zwischen dem frühen Miozän und dem späten Pliozän. Die Sedimentationsgeschichte von diesem Zeitpunkt bis heute spiegelt sich im Aufbau der Knollen wider.
    Notes: Summary Ten manganese nodules from a manganese nodule field in the northeast Pacific were chemically and mineralogically investigated. Two kinds of growth-zones could be observed within these nodules; according to structure they are called “laminated zones” and “dendritic zones”. Some correlations between sediment layers and manganese nodules zones could be observed, as follows: Dendritic zones in manganese nodules are products of diagenetic mobilization of metals from the sediment-they correspond to the sediment layers in which diagenetic processes took place. Laminated zones in manganese nodules are products of precipitation of hyroxides from sea water. They correspond to periods of sedimentation without diagenetic mobilization of metals. Ratios for Mn to Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mg are constant through different growth zones, independent of the form in which manganese occurs. Ratio for Co to Fe changes from laminated zones to dendritic zones. The only component which changes its content with diagenesis seems to be water: older parts of nodules contain less water than younger parts. Due to the described results the growth of manganese nodules can be adjusted in the geological record. The history of existent nodules begins within the sedimentation hiatus between Early Miocene and Late Pliocene. The sedimentation record is reflected in the structure of manganese nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01082497
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lagerstättenkundliche Charakterisierung des Ni- und Cr-haltigen Eisenerzvorkommens bei Trstenik (Jugoslawien) (1972)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 7 (1972), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Sedimentary iron ore near Trstenik (Kosovo-Metohija) contains an average of about 40% Fe, 1.0% Ni and 3.5% Cr2O3. The lenticular deposit is situated between underlying Paleozoic serpentine-peridotites and overlying Upper Cretaceous sediments. The ore is a redepositional product of a lateritic weathering crust of serpentinite formed during the Upper Cretaceous transgression. A comparison of the chemical composition of fresh ore with ore close to the surface proves the exogenous influence of recent weathering by typical shifting of elements. In laterite profiles of serpentinites, the metals Fe, Ni, Co and Cr are mostly seperated and enriched in different layers; by the marine redeposition this characteristic feature was largely eliminated. The mineral content of the “normal” ore type and its origin is described and discussed. Minerals of quantitative importance are limonite, spinels, carbonates, quartz and serpentine with its weathering products. Ni is partially, Co is almost completely bound to millerite. The presence of several sulfides beside iron carbonate and chamosite indicates a reducing environment in an early diagenetic stage. Further Ni-bearing phases can be hydrosilicates or limonit or, respectively, clay minerals of the matrix. Contrary to Ni-bearing, detrital iron ore of similar origin in Greece (Larymna) a later migration of Ni to deeper parts of the deposit was not observed in this case.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sedimentären Eisenerze bei Trstenik (Kosovo-Metohija) enthalten im Mittel ca. 40% Fe, 1,0% Ni und 3,5% Cr2O3. Stratigraphisch liegt das linsenförmige Erzlager zwischen liegenden paläozoischen Serpentin-Peridotiten und hangenden oberkretazischen Sedimenten. Die Erze sind als Umlagerungs-produkte einer lateritischen Verwitterungskruste von Serpentiniten im Rahmen der Oberkreidetransgression entstanden. Ein Vergleich der chemischen Zusammensetzung von bergfrischem und oberflächennahem Erz belegt den exogenen Einfluß der Verwitterung durch typische Elementver-schiebungen. Die in lateritischen Verwitterungsprofilen von Serpentiniten meist vorliegende räumliche Trennung der Metalle Fe, Ni, Co und Cr ist durch den marinen Umlagerungsvorgang weitgehend aufgehoben worden. Der Mineralbestand des „normalen“ Erztyps sowie seine Herkunft werden beschrieben und diskutiert. Quantitativ wichtige Mineralphasen sind Brauneisenerz, Spinelle, Karbonate, Quarz sowie Serpentin und seine Zersetzungs-produkte. Ni ist teilweise, Co fast ausschließlich an Millerit gebunden. Die Anwesenheit von Sulfiden neben Eisenspat und Chamosit weist auf reduzierende Bedingungen im frühdiagenetischen Zustand. Weitere Ni-Träger können Hydrosilikate oder auch Brauneisenerz bzw. Tonminerale der Grundmasse sein. Im Gegensatz zu genetisch ähnlichen Ni-haltigen Trümmereisenerzen in Griechenland (Larymna) hat eine spätere Migration von Nickel in liegende Basisbereiche des Erzlagers hier nicht stattgefunden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207151
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermal gas generation in a back-arc basin (1991)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 78 (1991), S. 64-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206256
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 567-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Ferromanganese crusts ; Phosphatization ; Paleoceanographic events ; NE Atlantic ; Mediterranean outflow water ; Messinian salinity crisis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts reflect the chemical conditions of the sewater from which they formed. Fine-scale geochemical analysis of crust layers in combination with age determinations can therefore be used to investigate paleoceanographic changes which are recorded in geochemical gradients in the crusts. At Tropic seamount (off northwest Africa), uniform crust growth influenced by terrigenous input from the African continent occurred during approximately the past 12 Ma. Phosphatization of these crusts is minor. In contrast, crusts from Lion seamount, located between Madeira and the Portuguese coast, display a much more variable growth history. A pronounced increase in Ni, Cu, and Zn is observed in some intervals of the crusts, which probably reflects increased surface productivity. A thick older phosphatized generation occurs in many samples. Hydrographic profiles indicate that Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) may play an important role in the composition of these crusts.10Be dating of one sample confirms that the interruption of the MOW during the Messinian salinity crisis (6.2–5 Ma ago) resulted in changes in element composition. Sr-isotope dating of the apatite phase of the old crust generation has been carried out to obtain a minimum age for the older generation of Atlantic crusts and to determine whether crust phosphatization in the Atlantic can be related to phosphatization episodes recorded in Pacific crusts. The preliminary data show that the old phosphatized crust generation might be as old as approximately 30–40 Ma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369011
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas (1983)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 304 (1983), S. 716-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In early diagenetic and mixed type nodules Co displays a positive correlation with Fe (r = 0.77)3 and no correlation to Mn, whereas in hydrogenetic nodules Co correlates to Mn (r = 0.79)3. Hydrogenetic nodules and crusts show generally higher Co contents than diagenetically formed nodules. This ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/304716a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probable modern analogue of Kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 338 (1989), S. 496-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Okinawa Trough, located between the Ryukyu island chain and the east coast of China, is an active back-arc basin formed by extension within the continental lithosphere behind the Ryukyu trench-arc system. Evidence for the presence of active back-arc spreading exists only in the southern trough, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338496a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of metal content on the physical and mineralogical properties of pelagic manganese nodules (1975)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 10 (1975), S. 397-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deep sea manganese nodules are considered as important natural resources for the future because of their Ni, Cu and Co contents. Their different shapes cannot be correlated clearly with their chemical composition. Surface constitution, however, can be associated with the metal contents. A classification of the nodules is suggested on the basis of these results. The iron content of the nodules strikingly shows relations to the physical properties (e.g. density and porosity). The method of density-measurement is the reason for this covariance. The investigation of freeze-dried nodular substance does not give this result. The Fe-rich nodules lose more hydration water than the Fe-poor ones during heat drying. The reason for this effect is the different crystallinity, respectively the particle size. The mean particle size is calculated on the basis of geometrical models. The X-ray-diffraction analysis proves the variation of crystallinity in connection with the Fe-content, too. The internal nodular textures also show characteristic distinctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207897
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean (1981)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 16 (1981), S. 59-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deep-sea nodules from the Northeast Pacific nodule belt and the Southeast Pacific (Sonne Basin), being formed in areas bordering the equatorial zone of high biological productivity, accumulate by two basically different growth processes: (A) early diagenetic growth by supply from pore water and (B) hydrogenetic growth by supply from near-bottom sea-water. These growth processes lead to different genetic types of nodules: early diagenetic type A, hydrogenetic type B, and mixed-type AB; a further type AC, very rich in Mn, is being formed by increasing influence of early diagenesis. These types can clearly be distinguished by their shapes, surface textures, mineral constituents of oxide fraction, internal microstructures, and geochemistry. A genetical classification is being proposed on the basis of statistically computed interelement relationships. Todorokite, very poor in Fe, is the main Mn phase in the early diagenetic substance; δ-MnO2 intimately intergrown with FeOOH · xH2O is the main phase in the hydrogenetic substance. Consequently an important difference can be pointed out: the metal supply for the growth of the early diagenetic nodules is based on an ionic solution of Me2+ (e. g. Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), whereas the supply for the hydrogenetic nodules is caused by transport of colloidal particles. Mobilization of Mn2+ and fractionation from Fe is controlled by the amount of decomposing organic matter in the "peneliquid" layer of the sediments. The main factor controlling the intensity of early diagenesis is the biological productivity in surface waters. The crucial "point of reversal" at a Mn/Fe ratio of about 5, obtained by hyperbolical regression of the analyses of nodules from the Southeast Pacific, represents best concentrations in Ni and Cu. Mn/Fe quotients greater than 5 cause a decrease of Ni and Cu content. Nodules from the Northeast Pacific nodule belt generally contain higher concentrations in Cu than nodules from the Southeast Pacific. This can be explained by an additional supply of Cu transported below CCD by siliceous plankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206455
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