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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 26 (1991), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 13 (1978), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 7 (1972), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Sedimentary iron ore near Trstenik (Kosovo-Metohija) contains an average of about 40% Fe, 1.0% Ni and 3.5% Cr2O3. The lenticular deposit is situated between underlying Paleozoic serpentine-peridotites and overlying Upper Cretaceous sediments. The ore is a redepositional product of a lateritic weathering crust of serpentinite formed during the Upper Cretaceous transgression. A comparison of the chemical composition of fresh ore with ore close to the surface proves the exogenous influence of recent weathering by typical shifting of elements. In laterite profiles of serpentinites, the metals Fe, Ni, Co and Cr are mostly seperated and enriched in different layers; by the marine redeposition this characteristic feature was largely eliminated. The mineral content of the “normal” ore type and its origin is described and discussed. Minerals of quantitative importance are limonite, spinels, carbonates, quartz and serpentine with its weathering products. Ni is partially, Co is almost completely bound to millerite. The presence of several sulfides beside iron carbonate and chamosite indicates a reducing environment in an early diagenetic stage. Further Ni-bearing phases can be hydrosilicates or limonit or, respectively, clay minerals of the matrix. Contrary to Ni-bearing, detrital iron ore of similar origin in Greece (Larymna) a later migration of Ni to deeper parts of the deposit was not observed in this case.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sedimentären Eisenerze bei Trstenik (Kosovo-Metohija) enthalten im Mittel ca. 40% Fe, 1,0% Ni und 3,5% Cr2O3. Stratigraphisch liegt das linsenförmige Erzlager zwischen liegenden paläozoischen Serpentin-Peridotiten und hangenden oberkretazischen Sedimenten. Die Erze sind als Umlagerungs-produkte einer lateritischen Verwitterungskruste von Serpentiniten im Rahmen der Oberkreidetransgression entstanden. Ein Vergleich der chemischen Zusammensetzung von bergfrischem und oberflächennahem Erz belegt den exogenen Einfluß der Verwitterung durch typische Elementver-schiebungen. Die in lateritischen Verwitterungsprofilen von Serpentiniten meist vorliegende räumliche Trennung der Metalle Fe, Ni, Co und Cr ist durch den marinen Umlagerungsvorgang weitgehend aufgehoben worden. Der Mineralbestand des „normalen“ Erztyps sowie seine Herkunft werden beschrieben und diskutiert. Quantitativ wichtige Mineralphasen sind Brauneisenerz, Spinelle, Karbonate, Quarz sowie Serpentin und seine Zersetzungs-produkte. Ni ist teilweise, Co fast ausschließlich an Millerit gebunden. Die Anwesenheit von Sulfiden neben Eisenspat und Chamosit weist auf reduzierende Bedingungen im frühdiagenetischen Zustand. Weitere Ni-Träger können Hydrosilikate oder auch Brauneisenerz bzw. Tonminerale der Grundmasse sein. Im Gegensatz zu genetisch ähnlichen Ni-haltigen Trümmereisenerzen in Griechenland (Larymna) hat eine spätere Migration von Nickel in liegende Basisbereiche des Erzlagers hier nicht stattgefunden.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deep-sea nodules from the Northeast Pacific nodule belt and the Southeast Pacific (Sonne Basin), being formed in areas bordering the equatorial zone of high biological productivity, accumulate by two basically different growth processes: (A) early diagenetic growth by supply from pore water and (B) hydrogenetic growth by supply from near-bottom sea-water. These growth processes lead to different genetic types of nodules: early diagenetic type A, hydrogenetic type B, and mixed-type AB; a further type AC, very rich in Mn, is being formed by increasing influence of early diagenesis. These types can clearly be distinguished by their shapes, surface textures, mineral constituents of oxide fraction, internal microstructures, and geochemistry. A genetical classification is being proposed on the basis of statistically computed interelement relationships. Todorokite, very poor in Fe, is the main Mn phase in the early diagenetic substance; δ-MnO2 intimately intergrown with FeOOH · xH2O is the main phase in the hydrogenetic substance. Consequently an important difference can be pointed out: the metal supply for the growth of the early diagenetic nodules is based on an ionic solution of Me2+ (e. g. Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), whereas the supply for the hydrogenetic nodules is caused by transport of colloidal particles. Mobilization of Mn2+ and fractionation from Fe is controlled by the amount of decomposing organic matter in the "peneliquid" layer of the sediments. The main factor controlling the intensity of early diagenesis is the biological productivity in surface waters. The crucial "point of reversal" at a Mn/Fe ratio of about 5, obtained by hyperbolical regression of the analyses of nodules from the Southeast Pacific, represents best concentrations in Ni and Cu. Mn/Fe quotients greater than 5 cause a decrease of Ni and Cu content. Nodules from the Northeast Pacific nodule belt generally contain higher concentrations in Cu than nodules from the Southeast Pacific. This can be explained by an additional supply of Cu transported below CCD by siliceous plankton.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 10 (1975), S. 397-411 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deep sea manganese nodules are considered as important natural resources for the future because of their Ni, Cu and Co contents. Their different shapes cannot be correlated clearly with their chemical composition. Surface constitution, however, can be associated with the metal contents. A classification of the nodules is suggested on the basis of these results. The iron content of the nodules strikingly shows relations to the physical properties (e.g. density and porosity). The method of density-measurement is the reason for this covariance. The investigation of freeze-dried nodular substance does not give this result. The Fe-rich nodules lose more hydration water than the Fe-poor ones during heat drying. The reason for this effect is the different crystallinity, respectively the particle size. The mean particle size is calculated on the basis of geometrical models. The X-ray-diffraction analysis proves the variation of crystallinity in connection with the Fe-content, too. The internal nodular textures also show characteristic distinctions.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 68 (1984), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60 (1982), S. 226-236 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 304 (1983), S. 716-719 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In early diagenetic and mixed type nodules Co displays a positive correlation with Fe (r = 0.77)3 and no correlation to Mn, whereas in hydrogenetic nodules Co correlates to Mn (r = 0.79)3. Hydrogenetic nodules and crusts show generally higher Co contents than diagenetically formed nodules. This ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 567-576 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Ferromanganese crusts ; Phosphatization ; Paleoceanographic events ; NE Atlantic ; Mediterranean outflow water ; Messinian salinity crisis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts reflect the chemical conditions of the sewater from which they formed. Fine-scale geochemical analysis of crust layers in combination with age determinations can therefore be used to investigate paleoceanographic changes which are recorded in geochemical gradients in the crusts. At Tropic seamount (off northwest Africa), uniform crust growth influenced by terrigenous input from the African continent occurred during approximately the past 12 Ma. Phosphatization of these crusts is minor. In contrast, crusts from Lion seamount, located between Madeira and the Portuguese coast, display a much more variable growth history. A pronounced increase in Ni, Cu, and Zn is observed in some intervals of the crusts, which probably reflects increased surface productivity. A thick older phosphatized generation occurs in many samples. Hydrographic profiles indicate that Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) may play an important role in the composition of these crusts.10Be dating of one sample confirms that the interruption of the MOW during the Messinian salinity crisis (6.2–5 Ma ago) resulted in changes in element composition. Sr-isotope dating of the apatite phase of the old crust generation has been carried out to obtain a minimum age for the older generation of Atlantic crusts and to determine whether crust phosphatization in the Atlantic can be related to phosphatization episodes recorded in Pacific crusts. The preliminary data show that the old phosphatized crust generation might be as old as approximately 30–40 Ma.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 567-576 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Ferromanganese crusts ; Phosphatization ; Paleoceanographic events ; NE Atlantic ; Mediterranean outflow water ; Messinian salinity crisis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts reflect the chemical conditions of the seawater from which they formed. Fine-scale geochemical analysis of crust layers in combination with age determinations can therefore be used to investigate paleoceanographic changes which are recorded in geochemical gradients in the crusts. At Tropic seamount (off northwest Africa), uniform crust growth influenced by terrigenous input from the African continent occurred during approximately the past 12 Ma. Phosphatization of these crusts is minor. In contrast, crusts from Lion seamount, located between Madeira and the Portuguese coast, display a much more variable growth history. A pronounced increase in Ni, Cu, and Zn is observed in some intervals of the crusts, which probably reflects increased surface productivity. A thick older phosphatized generation occurs in many samples. Hydrographic profiles indicate that Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) may play an important role in the composition of these crusts. 10Be dating of one sample confirms that the interruption of the MOW during the Messinian salinity crisis (6.2–5 Ma ago) resulted in changes in element composition. Sr-isotope dating of the apatite phase of the old crust generation has been carried out to obtain a minimum age for the older generation of Atlantic crusts and to determine whether crust phosphatization in the Atlantic can be related to phosphatization episodes recorded in Pacific crusts. The preliminary data show that the old phosphatized crust generation might be as old as approximately 30–40 Ma.
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