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  • 1
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    Origins of biological information and the genetic code (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Information, defined as the capacity of a molecule or system for selective interactions with other molecules or systems, is followed through its evolution from prebiological information to protoribosomes. Emphasis is on proteins and protein-like polymers, and later on ATP. The research will contribute more to the understanding of the essence of the genetic mechanism.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; 3; Apr. 15
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  • 2
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    Membrane, action, and oscillatory potentials in simulated protocells (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electrical membrane potentials, oscillations, and action potentials are observed in proteinoid microspheres impaled with (3 M KCl) microelectrodes. Although effects are of greater magnitude when the vesicles contain glycerol and natural or synthetic lecithin, the results in the purely synthetic thermal protein structures are substantial, attaining 20 mV amplitude in some cases. The results add the property of electrical potential to the other known properties of proteinoid microspheres, in their role as models for protocells.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Naturwissenschaften (ISSN 0028-1042); 69; 1982
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  • 3
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    How many theories for the origin of /proto/life (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The sequence of primordial chemical events leading to contemporary metabolism is considered, taking into account primordial reactants, amino acids, proteinoid, protocells, ATP, polynucleotides, and protein. The right kind of matter, thermal copolyamino acids, can organize itself into cell-like structures, in the absence of discrete lipid, when triggered to do so by water. Another unpredicted result of examination of the microsystems formed was the step-by-step realization that the component processes of a primitive form of replication were latent in the proteinoid microsystems. At the present time, four modes of primitive replication of proteinoid microsystems have been identified, plus one that has the appearance of protosexual reproduction. Two main conceptual pathways have received attention. One is the proteinoid theory, derived from experiments. The other is the DNA-first theory, for which attempts at conceptual construction and experimental support continue to be sought.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 4
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    Synthesis of peptides from amino acids and ATP with lysine-rich proteinoid (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the synthesis of peptides from aminoacids and ATP with a lysine-rich protenoid. The latter in aqueous solution catalyzes the formation of peptides from free amino acids and ATP; this catalytic activity is not found in acidic protenoids, even though the latter contain a basic aminoacid. The pH optimum for the synthesis is about 11, but it is appreciable below 8 and above 13. Temperature data indicate an optimum at 20 C or above, with little increase in rate up to 60 C. Pyrophosphate can be used instead of ATP, but the yields are lower. The ATP-aided syntheses of peptides in aqueous solution occur with several types of proteinous aminoacids.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 15; May 1980
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  • 5
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    From inanimate matter to living systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Since the early part of this century, the Genesis account of the origin and evolution of life has been explained as an extrapolation of astronomical and geochemical processes. The essence of the answer to date is a protoreproductive protocell of much biochemical and cytophysical competance. The processes of its origin, molecular ordering, and its functions are described. A crucial understanding is that of the nonrandomness of evolutionary processes at all stages (with perhaps a minor statistical component). In this way, evolution conflicts with statistical randomness; the latter is a favorite assumption of both scientific and creationistic critics of the proteinoid theory. The principle contribution of the proteinoid theory to the understanding of general biology is to particularize the view that evolutionary direction is rooted in the shapes of molecules, in stereochemistry. After molecules of the right kind first assembled to protocells, life in its various stages of evolution was an inevitable consequence. It is molecules that continue to assemble as part of living process and, in the role of enzymes, continue to direct life cycle of the cell.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-163372
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  • 6
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    Copolyamino acid fractionation and protobiochemistry (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Investigation of the origins of living things by the uniquely appropriate method of successive approximation in attempted retracement of steps in molecular evolution has yielded: a comprehensive theoretical flowsheet from archaic inanimate matter to an infrastructured, microscopic, protoreproductive, protometabolic protocell; a laboratory model of the same; and an explanatory assessment of the natural variation component of Darwinian evolution. For each of these, the significance is dependent upon awareness of the intrinsic tendency of amino acids, in mixed sets, to order themselves. Without such awareness, it is believed these vistas would have been delayed for decades. Selfordering would have in turn been difficult to recognize and support were it not for the chromatographic developments in fractionation of copolyamino acids.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Chromatography; 215; 1981
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  • 7
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    A model for protocellular coordination of nucleic acid and protein syntheses (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The proteinoid model for the coordination of protein synthesis with nucleic acid coding within the evolving protocell is discussed. Evidence for the self-ordering of amino acid chains, which would enhance the catalytic activity of a lysine-rich proteinoid, is presented, along with that for the preferential formation of microparticles, particularly proteinoid microparticles, in various solutions. Demonstrations of the catalytic activity of lysine-rich proteinoids in the synthesis of peptide and internucleotide bonds are pointed out. The view of evolution as a two stage sequence in which the geological synthesis of peptides evolved to the protocellular synthesis of peptides and oligonucleotides is discussed, and contrasted with the alternative view, in accord with the central dogma, that nucleic acids arose first then governed the production of proteins and protocells.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 8
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    From inanimate matter to living systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Current understandings of the origin and evolution of life on earth from inaminate matter are reviewed. Approaches to the study of early life and its origin are considered, and it is noted that whereas the inference of origins from knowledge at hand is the approach favored by most theoreticians, only the laboratory simulation of the assembly of precellular polymers to protocells under geologically relevant conditions is capable of indicating the way in which life began. Progress in simulating the step-by-step emergence of a protocell composed of ordered macromolecules and having numerous protobiological activities through stages characterized by primordial matter, amino acids, proteinoids, protocells, light-active protocells and nucleic-acid instructed cells is discussed, with particular emphasis on experiments with proteinoid microspheres formed from self-ordered copolyamino acids. The subsequent development of ordered, protometabolic, infrastructured protoreproductive protocells is examined noting the importance of the formation of lysine-rich proteinoids with catalytic activities. Attention is also given to questions of the point of the actual emergence of life and scientific and creationist objections to the theory developed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Biology Teacher; 43; Mar. 198
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  • 9
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    The updated experimental proteinoid model (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The experimental proteinoid model includes new results indicating that polymers sufficiently rich in basic amino acid catalyze the synthesis of peptides from ATP and amino acids and of oligonucleotides from ATP. The need for simulation syntheses of amino acids yielding significant proportions of basic amino acids is now in focus. The modeled simultaneous protocellular synthesis of peptides and polynucleotides is part of a more comprehensive proposal for the origin of the coded genetic mechanism. The finding of membrane and action potentials in proteinoid microspheres, with or without added lecithin, is reported. The crucial nature of a nonrandom matrix for protocells is developed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 10
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    Self-organization of the protocell was a forward process (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Yockey's (1981) interpretation of information theory relative to concepts of self-organization in the origin of life is criticized on the ground that it assumes that each amino acid residue type in a given sequence is an unaided information carrier throughout evolution. It is argued that more than one amino acid residue can act as a unit information carrier, and that this was the case in prebiotic protein evolution. Forward-extrapolation should be used to study prebiotic evolution, not backward-extrapolation. Transposing the near-random internal order of modern proteins to primitive proteins, as Yockey has done, is an unsupported assumption and disagrees with the results of experimental models of the primordial type. Studies indicate that early primary information carriers in evolution were mixtures of free alpha amino acids which necessarily had the capability of sequencing themselves.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Theoretical Biology (ISSN 0022-5193); 101; 1983
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