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  • 11
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    The assembly and properties of protobiological structures - The beginnings of cellular peptide synthesis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New data indicate that lysine-rich proteinoids have the ability to catalyze the synthesis of peptide bonds from a variety of amino acids and ATP. This capacity is evident in aqueous solution, in suspension of phase-separated complexes of lysine-rich proteinoid with acidic proteinoids, and in suspension of phase-separated particles composed of lysine-rich proteinoids with polynucleotides. Since the proteinoid complexes can contain other catalytic activities, including ability to catalyze internucleotide bond formation, it is inferred that the first protocells on earth already had a number of biological types of activity.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: BioSystems; 12; 1980
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  • 12
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    Coacervate droplets, proteinoid microspheres, and the genetic apparatus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Differences between typical coacervate droplets and typical proteinoid microspheres are examined. It is pointed out that coacervate droplets are produced from polymers obtained from contemporary organisms. The microspheres considered are aggregates of proteinoid formed from monomeric amino acids under geologically relevant conditions. Aspects regarding the primordial sequence are discussed along with the origin of the genetic apparatus and the genetic code.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 13
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    Compartmentalization in proteinoid microspheres (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Proteinoid microspheres with stable internal compartments and internal structure are made from acidic proteinoid and basic proteinoid with calcium. The populations of microspheres are characterized by a wide diversity of structure. A model of primitive intracellular communication is suggested by the observed movement of internal particles between compartments of a multicompartmentalized unit. Differential response to pH change and to temperature change has been demonstrated within one population and suggests one mode of adaptive selection among primordial cell populations.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: BioSystems; 9; 1977
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  • 14
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    Self-sequencing of amino acids and origins of polyfunctional protocells (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The role of proteins in the origin of living things is discussed. It has been experimentally established that amino acids can sequence themselves under simulated geological conditions with highly nonrandom products which accordingly contain diverse information. Multiple copies of each type of macromolecule are formed, resulting in greater power for any protoenzymic molecule than would accrue from a single copy of each type. Thermal proteins are readily incorporated into laboratory protocells. The experimental evidence for original polyfunctional protocells is discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Origins of Life (ISSN 0302-1688); 14; 1-4
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  • 15
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    Ancient microspheres - Abiogenic, protobiogenic, or biogenic? (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Criteria of biogenicity of microspheroidal objects, which have been interpreted as microfossils, are here reviewed in the light of additional data. Much weight has been placed by some commentators on constrained heterogeneity as a primary criterion of biogenicity. The data from the field and laboratory suggest the need for continuing reservation in the interpretation of these objects. On the basis of these and other data, reasons are given for the alternative explanation that the objects are lithified relics of protobiotic assemblages. The question remains open as to whether the early Archean spheroidal objects are abiotic, protobiotic, or biotic in origin.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Precambrian Research (ISSN 0301-9268); 23; 1-8
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  • 16
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    Origins of the protein synthesis cycle (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Largely derived from experiments in molecular evolution, a theory of protein synthesis cycles has been constructed. The sequence begins with ordered thermal proteins resulting from the self-sequencing of mixed amino acids. Ordered thermal proteins then aggregate to cell-like structures. When they contained proteinoids sufficiently rich in lysine, the structures were able to synthesize offspring peptides. Since lysine-rich proteinoid (LRP) also catalyzes the polymerization of nucleoside triphosphate to polynucleotides, the same microspheres containing LRP could have synthesized both original cellular proteins and cellular nucleic acids. The LRP within protocells would have provided proximity advantageous for the origin and evolution of the genetic code.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 17
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    Models for protocellular photophosphorylation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several photoreactions for transducing light energy have been analyzed for their relevance as models for protocellular photophosphorylation. Inorganic ions and compounds could have played a role in protocellular photophosphorylation. Organic catalysts may have been the next significant agents used by protocells for photophosphorylation. Membranous photophosphorylation probably became the most recent type of photoenergy transduction to be acquired by protocells; it is still used by modern cells although components of the other types of phosphorylation are found in present day cells. Recorded yields of energy-rich phosphates from the model reactions discussed are small. Arguments are advanced that such yields could have been sufficient to have fueled protocellular metabolism, which was probably very slow compared to modern cellular metabolism. Future prospects for research in this area are discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: BioSystems; 14; 1981
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  • 18
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    Formation of peptides from amino acids by single or multiple additions of ATP to suspensions of nucleoproteinoid microparticles (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The synthesis of peptides from individual amino acids or pairs of amino acids and ATP in the presence of catalysis by nucleoproteinoid microparticles is investigated. Experiments were performed with suspensions formed from the condensation of lysine-rich and acidic proteinoids with polyadenylic acid, to which were added glycine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine or glycine-phenylalanine mixtures, and ATP either at once or serially. Peptide yields are found to be greatest for equal amounts of acidic and basic proteinoids. The addition of imidazole is found to alter the preference of glycine-phenylalanine mixtures to form mixed heteropeptides rather than homopeptides. A rapid ATP decay in the peptide synthesis reaction is observed, and a greater yield is obtained for repeated small additions than for a single addition of ATP. The experimental system has properties similar to modern cells, and represents an organizational unit ready for the evolution of associated biochemical pathways.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: BioSystems; 14; 1981
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