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  • 1
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    On the pressure drop through a uniform snow layer (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201045.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9070
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 2
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    Heat transfer over a vertical melting plate (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/32
    In: CRREL Report, 77-32
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study of forced convective heat transfer over a vertical melting plate has been conducted. This study covers water velocities ranging from 1.7 to 9.8 mm/s and bulk water temperatures from 1.11 to 7.50 C. The experimental results are correlated in terms of Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.843. The results are expected to be useful in predicting the heat transfer characteristics of a much larger prototype ice-water heat sink.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9426
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 3
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    Thermal instability in a layer of water formed by melting ice from below (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-263
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theoretical background. - Experimental apparatus and procedures. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: The transition in the mode of heat transfer from conduction to convection in a layer of water formed continuously by melting ice from below has been determined experimentally. This was accomplished by locating the inflection point on the curve relating the water-ice interface (or melting front) and time. Thus, the critical Rayleigh number, Rac, at which convective heat transfer started can be correlated empirically as a function of warm plate temperature, Ts, by Rac= 14,200 exp(-6.64 x 10^-2 Ts). This relation is valid for Ts varying from 7.72 to 25.50°C. The initial ice temperature T0 was varied from -4.8 to -22.00°C. The effect of T0 was found to be insignificant. Homogeneous, bubble-free ice was prepared and used in all the experiments.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrations
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 263
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325820
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Heat transfer characteristics of a bubble-induced water jet impinging on an ice surface (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-335
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Ňomenclature. - Introduction. - Experimental apparatus and procedure. - Testspecimens. - Bubble frequency and velocity. - Analysis of experimental results. - Discussion. - Summary. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of a bubble-driven water jet on an ice surface was conducted. Two Lucite columns, one 1.829 m high and 0.286 m in diameter and the other 1.219 m high and 0.140 m in diameter were used. Water levels were maintained at 0.762 and 1.524 m in the large column and 0.840 m in the small column. Hypodermic needles with openings of 0.152, 0.406 and 0.838 mm were used for bubble formation. The air flow rate was varied from 7.39 X 10^-8 to 9.91 X I0^-7 m^3/s. In all, 171 experimental runs were conducted. The results can be correlated by Nu = 0.1735 (Rei)^0.848 with a correlation coefficient of 0.84, in which Nu is defined in terms of average heat transfer coefficient h, sample diameter Ds, and thermal conductivity of water kw. Rei is defined in terms of diameter of the impinging water jet at the ice surface, Di, the centerline arrival water velocity vc and the kinematic viscosity of water uw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 16 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 335
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1014860
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  • 5
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    Heat transfer characteristics of melting and refreezing a drill hole through an ice shelf in Antarctica (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/12
    In: CRREL Report, 76-12
    Description / Table of Contents: The heat transfer processes associated with melting and refreezing a drill hole 500 m in depth and 0.150 m in initial radius through an ice shelf were approximately analyzed. The results were expressed in graphical form showing the time available for experimentation under the hole as a function of heating duration and heating strength. It was found that the refreezing of the drill hole had a much slower rate than the melting of the hole.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA026368
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h
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  • 6
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    Heat transfer characteristics of ventilated snow (1965)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-106
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 106
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Preface: This paper presents a method for determining the extent of heat transfer due to vapor transfer in snow with air flowing through it, which could be useful in connection with studies concerning the changes of physical and mechanical properties of a snow cover caused by temperature gradients and wind currents.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 8, A2, B2, C4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 106
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5851
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Summary Introduction Theory Experimental apparatus apd procedures Results and discussion References Appendix A: Evaluation of d^2Ps/dx^2, dps/dx Appendix B: Sample calculations of β0, β, and De Appendix C: Experimental results and calculated data
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  • 7
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    Review of thermal properties of snow, ice, and sea ice (1981)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/10
    In: CRREL Report, 81-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This treatise thoroughly reviews the subjects of density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice; snow density change attributed to destructive, constructive and melt metamorphism; and the physics of regelation and the effects on penetration rate of both the thermal properties of the wire and stress level. Heat capacity, latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity of ice and snow over a wide range of temperatures were analyzed with regression techniques. In the case of snow, the effect of density was also evaluated. The contribution of vapor diffusion to heat transfer through snow under both natural and forced convective conditions was assessed. Expressions representing specific and latent heat of sea ice in terms of sea ice salinity and temperature were given. Theoretical models were given that can predict the thermal conductivities of fresh bubbly ice and sea ice in terms of salinity, temperature and fractional air content.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9469
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice Density Thermal expansion Compressibility Density changes in snow Compaction Destructive metamorphism Constructive metamorphism Melt metamorphism Regelation Thermal properties of snow and fresh-water ice Heat capacity of snow and ice Latent heat Thermal conductivity of ice Thermal conductivity of snow Effective thermal diffusivity Heat transfer by water vapor diffusion in snow Heat and vapor transfer with forced convection Thermal properties of sea ice Specific heat of sea ice Heat of fusion of sea ice when 0° 〉 θ 〉 -8.2°C Density and thermal conductivity of sea ice Composition and air bubble content of sea ice above -8.2°C Thermal conductivity model for sea ice Thermal diffusivity of sea ice Method of determining thermal diffusivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 8
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    Approximate solutions of heat conduction in a medium with variable properties (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186933.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9021
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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  • 9
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    Cooling of an undersnow camp (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-95
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 95
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An investigation was conducted at Camp Century, Greenland, to study the feasibility of using air wells to cool undersnow structures in the arctic during the summer months. From results obtained during the summers of 1959,and 1960 and late November, 1960, it was found that the air well is a practical and effective means of providing a -20°C air supply at volumetric flow rates of 1200 to 1700 ft^3/min. The extent and rate of warming of the snow beneath the trench floor by heat exchange between the air and the snow foundation was found to depend upon trench air temperature, fan capacity, fan arrangement, and casing length. For example, in a well cased to a depth of 17. 5 ft and equipped with a 5 hp fan drawing in air at a rate of 1700 ft^3/min, the maximum warming was found to be 12.5°C during a 42-day period. Snow temperature differences of about 7°C were found between similar trenches with and without a fan installation. The minimum permissible distance between two adjacent fans to eliminate, overlap in warming up the snow foundation is approximately 80 ft.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 95
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5877
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations
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  • 10
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    On the temperature distribution in an air-ventilated snow layer (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/5
    In: CRREL Report, 82-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a homogeneous snow layer, with one side kept at its initial temperature and the other side with a step temperature increase, was solved for the case of constant through-flow conditions. An experimentally determined effective thermal conductivity function, i.e. Ke = 0.0014 + 0.58 G (where G is dry mass flow rate of air in g/sq cm-s), was employed in the solution. The computed nondimensional temperature distribution agreed quite well with experimental data taken under pseudo-steady state conditions with the exception of the temperature for the lowest flow rate used in the experiment. The pronounced nonlinearity of the temperature distribution was found to be a strong function of the flow rate. For sinusoidal variation of atmospheric pressure, the responding flow in the snow medium was also found to be sinusoidal. In conjunction with the diurnal temperature change, this variation facilitated the process of repeated sublimation and condensation in alternate directions and thereby produced a surface layer of approximately constant snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-5
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9450
    Language: English
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