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  • 1
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    The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations (2021)
    In:  Earth System Science Data
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground live biomass (AGB; dry mass) stored in forests with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110 897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high-carbon-stock forests with AGB 〉250 Mg ha−1, where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in the literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country's national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps and identified major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the subtropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon, and socio-economic modelling schemes and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock change estimates. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of CoxFe3−xO4 films in aqueous solution at 120–200 °C by "hydrothermal ferrite plating'' (abstract) : The 5th Joint MMM−Intermag Conference (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 6443-6443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferrite plating facilitates the formation of polycrystalline spinel films in an aqueous solution below 100 °C. The plating temperature can be extended up to 200 °C when the pressure of the reaction solution is kept high (15–20 kgf/cm2). We call this "hydrothermal ferrite plating,'' by which solubility limit of Ni in Fe3−xNixO4 increases much, from x=0.3 (by conventional ferrite plating at 90 °C) to x=0.93.1 In this paper we describe preparation of Fe3−xCoxO4 films by the hydrothermal ferrite plating at T=120–200 °C and p=15–40 kgf/cm2, and report their structural and magnetic properties. Plating for 1 h, we obtained films about 1 μm in thickness, which are polycrystalline with no preferential crystal orientation as observed by x-ray diffraction. The solubility limit of Co, which is x=0.6 at 90 °C, increases to x=1.3 at 180 °C. The solubility limit of Co is higher than that of Ni, which may be because Ni tends to keep 2+ state in the spinel structure, while Co can take both 2+ and 3+ states. When prepared at 200 °C, the saturation magnetization of the films are smaller than that reported for bulk samples, though both agree when the films are prepared at 90 °C.2 This suggests that Co is oxidized to 3+ state even when x〈1.0 as large as the Fe3−xCoxO4 films are prepared in the hydrothermal conditions. We found that adding CH3COONH4 into the reaction solution as a pH buffer improves the smoothness of the film surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349924
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light-enhanced ferrite plating of Fe3−xMxO4 (M=Ni, Zn, Co, and Mn) films in an aqueous solution (invited) : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5911-5914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline spinel ferrite films were plated on glass substrates in an aqueous solution by the thin liquid-film method combined with an electric lamp, which was named "light-enhanced ferrite plating.'' By irradiating the substrate surface with a Xe lamp (450 W/cm2), the deposition rate of Fe3O4 films increased by a factor of ∼5–10 (from 30 to 150–320 nm/min) compared to that obtained without the light irradiation. The Fe3O4 film prepared in a reaction solution with a small FeCl2 concentration had a structure (i.e., grain size ∼200 nm, and columnar structure perpendicular to the film surface) similar to that observed when prepared without the light irradiation. However, the grain size increased and the columnar structure disappeared as the FeCl2 concentration increased. The deposition rate of Fe3−xMxO4 (M=Ni, Mn, Co, and Zn) was 50–100 nm/min and increased by a factor of 2–5 compared to that without the light irradiation. The saturation magnetization of the all films prepared with the light irradiation agrees with the value of the bulk samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347837
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-vacancy-content ferrite with fine particles : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials San Diego, California (USA) 29 Oct − 1 Nov 1990 (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5915-5917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The high-vacancy-content ferrites represented by x(MFe2O4)⋅y(Fe3O4)⋅z(γ-Fe2O3), where x+y+z=1 (z(approximately-greater-than)0.50), were obtained in the clear and strongly alkaline solutions of Fe(III) and M(II) tartrate [M(II)=Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II)] or dextrose at 100 °C. The vacancies were replaced with the bivalent metal ions in the reaction solutions, and the replaced number increased with an increase in the concentration of the bivalent metal ions. The ferrite particle size was dependent on the bivalent metal species and the content (x,y). The Fe(II) ions enhanced the crystal-growth rate. The particle size of the magnetites (x=0) increased from 100 to 800 A(ring) with an increase in the Fe(II) ion content (y=0.10–0.35). The high-vacancy-content magnetite was transferred from superparamagnetic to ferrimagnetic particles as the size increased. The Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) ions did not enhance the growth rate so much as compared to the Fe(II) ions. The particle sizes were less than 200 A(ring), and most of the particles were superparamagnetic. The saturation magnetizations were lower than the theoretical values, and increased with an increase in the particle size, indicating the surface effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347838
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular-beam epitaxial growth of InAs/GaAs superlattices on GaAs substrates and its application to a superlattice channel modulation-doped field-effect transistor (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 3941-3949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The molecular-beam epitaxial growth conditions for (InAs)m(GaAs)n short period superlattices (SPSs) on GaAs substrates have been optimized by monitoring reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity oscillations. The RHEED oscillation measurements enable understanding InAs growth behavior on a 7% lattice-mismatch GaAs substrate. Within one monolayer InAs deposition with lower than 560 °C growth temperature can give high SPS crystalline quality. The SPS periodic structure and the monolayer InAs formation, embedded in GaAs layers, have been confirmed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The obtained thickness controllability for the SPSs is less than±6% for InAs and ±3% for GaAs. The electron Hall mobilities for modulation-doped structures having an (InAs)1(GaAs)n SPS as an electron channel, whose layer index of n varied from 3 to 6, have been compared with those with a pseudomorphic InGaAs random alloy channel which has the equivalent In composition. The SPS channel samples have shown up to 15% higher electron Hall mobilities than the InGaAs alloy channel samples at 77 K. A 0.2-μm-gate (InAs)1(GaAs)6 superlattice channel modulation-doped field-effect transistor (FET) has exhibited a maximum extrinsic transconductance of as high as 450 mS/mm with a 70-GHz cut-off frequency at room temperature. The best noise figure of 0.58 dB with an associated gain of 11.15 dB has been attained. The obtained device characteristics are comparable or superior to those for the corresponding InGaAs alloy channel FETs. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the (InAs)m(GaAs)n SPS potentialities as an ordered counterpart for InGaAs random alloy for high-speed device applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348454
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of NiZn ferrite films by spin-spray ferrite plating on oxygen-plasma-treated substrates : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6284-6286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline NixZnyFe3−x−yO4 films were prepared by the spin-spray ferrite plating method on oxygen-plasma-treated and non-plasma-treated glass substrates from an aqueous solution at 96 °C. The oxygen-plasma treatment increased film adhesion to the substrate, and enabled films thicker than 15 μm to be grown. A film with composition of (x+y)=0.75 had a saturation magnetization of 103 emu/g, a coercive force of ∼7 (Oe), ferromagnetic resonance linewidth (perpendicular to the film plane) of 80 (Oe), and resistivity of 106 Ω cm. These results compare favorably with ceramics of NiZn ferrite on the market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352671
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic-active ferrite plating films with Au particles dispersed : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials San Diego, California (USA) 29 Oct−1 Nov 1990 (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 4913-4915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We prepared ferrite films of Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 in which Au fine particles (which exhibit catalytic activity for CO→CO2 oxidation) are dispersed by ferrite plating in an aqueous solutions below 100 °C. We used as-reaction solution FeCl2 (Fe2+ + Cl−) and as oxidizing solution HAuCl4 (H+ + AuCl−4). The reduction-oxidation reaction between Fe2+ and AuCl−4 facilitates the ferrite formation and also Au-particle formation reactions. The Au particles were ∼30 nm in diameter. Among all the prepared films an α-Fe2O3 film containing Au fine particles at an atomic ratio Au/Fe=0.12 exhibited the highest oxidation activity, which appeared above 100 °C, and converted the CO gas to CO2 completely at 200 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute calibration of the JT-60U neutron monitor using a 252Cf neutron source (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4558-4558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Absolutely calibrated measurements of the neutron yield are important for the evaluation of the plasma performance such as the fusion gain Q in D-D operating tokamaks. The time-resolved neutron yield is measured with 235U and 238U fission chambers and 3He proportional counters in the JT-60U tokamak. The in situ calibration was performed by moving the 252Cf neutron source toroidally through the JT-60 vacuum vessel. Detection efficiencies of three 235U and two 3He detectors were measured for 92 locations of the neutron point source in toroidal scans at two different major radii. The total detection efficiency for the torus neutron source was obtained by the averaging the point efficiencies over the whole toroidal angle. The uncertainty of the resulting detection efficiency for the plasma neutrons is estimated to be ±11%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143666
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute calibration of the JT-60U neutron monitors using a 252Cf neutron sourcea) (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 5270-5278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Absolutely calibrated measurements of the neutron yield are important for the evaluation of plasma performance such as the fusion gain Q in D–D operating tokamaks. The time-resolved neutron yield is measured with 235U and 238U fission chambers and 3He proportional counters in the JT-60U tokamak. The in situ calibration was performed by moving the 252Cf neutron source toroidally through the JT-60 vacuum vessel. Detection efficiencies of three 235U and two 3He detectors were measured for 92 locations of the neutron point source in toroidal scans at two different major radii. The total detection efficiency for the torus neutron source was obtained by averaging the point efficiencies over the whole toroidal angle. The uncertainty of the resulting detection efficiency for the plasma neutrons is estimated to be ±11%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143439
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Full-wave verification of the fundamental properties of left-handed materials in waveguide configurations (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 5483-5486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The fundamental electromagnetic properties of left-handed materials (LHMs) are reviewed and verified by finite-element method full-wave analysis using rectangular waveguide structures loaded by a LHM and adopting an effective medium approach. The negative phase velocity, positive intrinsic impedance, and modified boundary conditions at an interface with a right-handed medium are verified by loading a waveguide section with a LHM that has edges perpendicular to the waveguide axis. In addition, the negative angle of refraction is demonstrated by loading the junction of a T-junction waveguide with a LHM having one edge 45° with respect to the waveguide axis. These properties are shown by the evolution of wave fronts in the LHM and by analysis of the S-parameters of the waveguide structures. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1408261
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