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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Frankfürt a. M.
    Call number: MOP 10498
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 7 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Lincke-Sonderheft
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Call number: MOP 38125
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 58 S.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Call number: 3762 ; MOP 16937 ; MOP 19008(8)
    In: Handbuch der Geophysik
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: S. 899-1102, XVI S.
    Series Statement: Handbuch der Geophysik 8
    Note: Enth.: Optik der Tropfen : II. Kränze, Glorien und verwandte Erscheinungen (Schluß) / R. Meyer. Optik der Tropfen : III. Der Regenbogen / F. Volz. Die Halo-Erscheinungen / S. W. Visser. , Inhalt: Optik der Tropfen : II. Kränze, Glorien und verwandte Erscheinungen (Schluß) / R. Meyer. - Optik der Tropfen : III. Der Regenbogen / F. Volz. - Die Halo-Erscheinungen / S. W. Visser. - Sachregister - Namensverzeichnis des Bandes.
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Keywords: ALTITUDE; CT; DATE/TIME; ERA-CLIM; ERA-CLIM_0050; ERA-CLIM Quality flag; European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Panther; Quality flag, wind direction; Quality flag, wind speed; Underway cruise track measurements; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1024 data points
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 4482-4488 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The current-voltage characteristics and the photoresponse of metal-porous Si–p-type Si heterostructures have been studied. It is shown that the common interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics, which assumes that the current is limited by the Schottky barrier at the metal-porous Si interface, is wrong. An alternative explanation based on the electric-field dependence of the porous Si conductivity is suggested. It is shown that the rectifying behavior originates from a depletion inside the c-Si substrate at its interface to the porous Si. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sampling performance of two high-speed samplers, (Delfino I and II), fitted with a calibrated flow meter, was studied in the open Ligurian Sea using a battery comprising 6 such Delfinos linked together. Since, in plankton counts, only those organisms should be counted which are definitely retained in the nets, several techniques for the separation of the organisms which pass through the pore of a net of a given pore size and those which are safely retained were tested. Attempts to separate these two fractions by filtration of the fixed sample through nets of different pore sizes were not successful, as living organisms were able to pass through pore sizes which retained dead organisms. However, optical sizing under the dissecting microscope during counting gave reproducible results. Using this counting technique, the influence of the pore size of plankton nets on the reproducibility of sampling of natural populations was studied. The results obtained show that live plankton passes through the net pores at a size at which fixed plankton is retained. Hence, the minimum retention size for living and dead plankton is different. By comparing samples taken with nets of different pore sizes, and counting the organisms caught according to different sizes, it was possible to determine the minimum retention size of live plankton organisms for several different net pore-sizes. The minimum retention size is, therefore, the smallest pore size at which the organisms of a certain width cannot escape through the pores of the net and are, thus, quantitatively retained in the net. By applying the criterion of minimum retention size, the influence of speed towing on the number of plankton organisms caught was studied. It was shown that the number of organisms which are safely retained, i.e., do not escape through the pores, increased with speed, reaching a plateau at 5 to 7 knots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using formulas given in a former investigation (1), we computed the colour, saturation and brightness of the whole sky. With this, the secondary scattering of a turbid atmosphere was exactly determined. It is shown that wrong values will result by use ofWiener's method of approximating the multiple scattering by a geometrical series of primary, secondary a.s.o. scattering, because at some parts of the sky the proportion of secondary: primary is 〉1. In the horizontal circle through the sun, colour shade and saturation are constant and only the brightness varies, if either only molecular scattering (unturbid atmosphere) or only haze scattering (strong turbidity, small distance from the sun) dominates. Further, the influence of variations of the seize distribution of the aerosol is investigated.
    Abstract: Résumé En utilisant les formules communiquées dans une publication antérieure (1) la couleur, la saturation et la luminosité du ciel entier sont calculés en tenant compte de la réfraction secondaire dans une atmosphère brumeuse. On constate que l'essai deWiener etBernhardt d'approcher la réfraction multiple par une progression géométrique pour la réfraction primaire, secondaire etc. doit mener à des faux résultats parce que la proportion de secondaire: primaire devient en partie 〉1. Dans le plan horizontal passant par le soleil, la couleur et la saturation restent de même; seulement la luminosité change dans le cas ou seul la réfraction moléculaire (atmosphère non troublée) ou seul la réfraction brumeuse (beaucoup de brume, tout près du soleil) sont efficaces. L'influence d'une autre répartition de grandeur de l'aérosole est examinée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung der in einer früheren Untersuchung(1) mitgeteilten Formeln werden Farbton, Sättigung und Leuchtdichte des gesamten Himmels unter exakter Berechnung der sekundären Streuung in einer dunstgetrübten Atmosphäre bestimmt. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der vonWiener undBernhardt gemachte Versuch, die Vielfachstreuung durch Einsetzen und Summieren einer geometrischen Reihe für primäre, sekundäre usw. Streuung zu approximieren, fehlerhafte Ergebnisse liefern muss, weil das Verhältnis sekundär: primär stellenweise〉1 wird. In dem durch die Sonne gehenden Horizontalkreis bleiben Farbton und Sättigung konstant und nur die Leuchtdichte ändert sich in den Fällen, dass lediglich die molekulare Streuung (ungetrübte Atmosphäre) oder lediglich die Dunststreuung (grosse Trübung, nahe der Sonne) wirksam ist.—Der Einfluss einer geänderten Grössenverteilung des Aerosols wird untersucht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mean caloric balance of the atmosphere is represented by diagram No. 1, which shows the usual lay-out, but is filled in with new figures according to own calculations based uponS. Fritz's new value of the earth's albedo. Possibilities of exchange between the heat surplus of the earth's surface and the heat deficiency of the atmosphere and between differing spots of the same layer are discussed. Regarding the vertical pattern of heat sources and cold sources, it may be seen that in the humid climates (tropics and temperate zone) the lower troposphere receives considerable amounts of heat and the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere lose heat, while in arid regions (subtropics and the cold pole of the earth), the lower layer does not receive heat or even radiates it. For finding geographic differences in heat economy, the individual changes of temperature of the air may be used. A map of the heat balance of the northern hemisphere in January shows zones of warmth over the warm ocean currents and zones of cooling over the continents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 69-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary I) The basic principles of computing the colour of the sky are outlined. Scattering of light by air molecules and its dependence of direction and wavelength is well known. From recent papers the dependence of scattering by aerosol, supposed to consist of waterdroplets (refractive numberm=4/3), of the angle of dispersion and of the wavelenght is known. The variation with the refractive index of the droplets assumed to consist of highly diluted solutions of salt can be estimated. The scattering function of a non-homogeneous aerosol consisting of a spectrum of different radii of droplets has been deduced on the assumption that the droplets show an average distribution of size as found byJunge. So we obtain the scattering function depending on wavelenght and amount of dust. It is used when computing the primary radiation scattered from a point of the sky.-II) For 7 wavelenghts in the visible spectrum the intensities of primary light scattered from points of the sky situated on the vertical through the sun and its opposite at zenith distances of 90, 85, 60, 30, and 0°, further from points at 10° distance above and below the sun have been computed. All these calculations have been made for two different altitudes of the sun and for four different degrees of turbidity. Applying the «Farbdreieck» (= colorimetric diagram) the wavelength of equivalent colour, the colour saturation, and the brightness are obtained, further the variation of these characteristic figures of the sun's vertical with turbidity of the atmosphere are discussed.-III) The influences of secondary scattering within the atmosphere, of illumination of the atmosphere by radiation reflected from the ground, and of multiple scattering are determined. For this purpose the method of vertical radiation flux (from which the azimuth dependence of secondary scattering cannot be found), and further the direct computation of secondary scattering from the atmosphere and ground are used. Because of the multiple numerical integration this latter procedure is rather tedious. However, it only allows for accurate estimations for the region of the sky close to the sun. The effect of secondary scattering is shown for three points of the sky. In the vicinity of the sun it is about 30%, and at greater distances it rises to about 50% of the sky light. Thus this effect is of great importance for accurately considering the shade of colour and its saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung I.-Es werden die Grundlagen für eine Berechnung der Farbe des Himmels zusammengestellt. Die Lichtstreuung an Luftmolekülen ist nach Richtungs- und Wellenlängenabhängigkeit bekannt. Für das Aerosol, das aus Wassertröpfchen (Brechungszahlm=4/3) bestehend angenommen wird, ist die Abhängigkeit der Streuung vom Streuwinkel und von der Wellenlänge durch neuere Arbeiten bekannt; die Veränderung mit dem Brechungsindex der Tröpfchen kann für den Fall, dass diese aus stark verdünnten. Salzlösungen bestehen, abgeschätzt werden. Die Streufunktion für ein nicht homogenes sondern aus einem Spektrum verschiedener Tropfengrössen bestehendes Aerosol wird unter der Annahme abgeleitet, dass die vonJunge im Mittel gefundene Tropfenverteilung vorliegt. Damit ergibt sich die Abhängigkeit der Streufunktion von Wellenlänge und Dunstgehalt. Sei findet ihre Verwendung in der Formel für die primäre Streustrahlung eines Himmelspunktes.-II.-Es werden für 7 Wellenlängen im sichtbaren Spektrum die Intensität des primären Streulichtes der im Sonnen- und im Gegenvertikal in 90, 85, 60, 30 0° Zenithdistanz, sowie beiderseits der Sonne in 10° Abstand gelegenen Himmelspunkte bei 2 Sonnenhöhen und vier verschiedenen Trübungszuständen der Atmosphäre gerechnet. Durch Auswertung im Farbdreieck werden hieraus die farbtongleiche Wellenlänge, die Farbsättigung und die Leuchtdichte bestimmt und die Veränderung dieser charakteristischen Grössen im Sonnenvertikal mit dem Trübungszustand der Atmosphäre diskutiert.-III.-Die Einflüsse der zweifachen Streuung innerhalb der Atmosphäre, der Beleuchtung der Atmosphäre durch Reflexstrahlung des Bodens und der Vielfachstreuung werden bestimmt. Hierfür finden einmal die Methode der vertikalen Strahlungsströme (die die Abhängigkeit der sekundären Streuung von Azimuth nicht zu erkennen gestattet), zum zweiten die direkte Berechnung der Sekundärstreuung aus der Atmosphäre und vom Erdboden Verwendung. Letzteres, Verfahren ist wegen der notwendigen mehrfachen numerischen Integrationen sehr langwierig. Es gestattet jedoch allein klare Abschätzungen für den sonnennahen Himmelsteil. An drei berechneten Punkten wird gezeigt, dass die Wirkung der sekundären Streuung in Sonnennähe etwa 30%, an sonnenfernen Himmelspunkten etwa 50% des Himmelslichtes ausmacht, und dass sie für die korrekte Erfassung des Farbtones und der Farbstättigung wesentlich ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Space science reviews 9 (1969), S. 90-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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