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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese(IV)-initiated graft polymerization of vinyl monomers on polyamide fibers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2699-2708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of potassium permanganate to induce graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto nylon 6 was investigated. The graft yield is greatly enhanced by increasing the monomer concentration, reaction time, and temperature. The addition of metallic ions as promoters to the grafting medium accelerates the graft polymerization. A mechanism for grafting was proposed. The activation energy of initiation Ei for methyl methacrylate was calculated and found to be 5 kcal/mole. The overall rate of graft polymerization Rp depends on the monomer concentration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070191005
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto modified cottons. VIII. Dimethylaniline-benzyl chloride-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto partially carboxymethylated cotton (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 1901-1910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of dimethylaniline (DMA)-benzyl chloride (BC) mixture to initiate graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto partially carboxymethylated cotton was examined. The graft yield depends on the nature of the solvent used along with water; ethanol proved to be the best at a water;ethanol ratio of 90:10. Considerable grafting occurred in the presence of acetic acid at a concentration of 200 mmol/l. Higher concentrations of this acid decrease grafting significantly. The graft yield obtained in the presence of formic acid was much lower than that obtained in the presence of acetic acid. Inclusion of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid in the graft polymerization system prevent grafting. A DMA-BC mixture at a concentration of 0.08:0.087 mole/l. constitutes the optimal concentration for grafting. This contrasts with 0.32:0.35 mole/l. for total conversion. The rate of grafting increases by raising the polymerization temperature; it follows the order 50°〉60°〉65°〉70°〉75°C. Furthermore, increasing the monomer concentration caused a significant enhancement in the graft yield and total conversion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210716
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dyeing of chemically modified celluloses. II. Effect of chemical modification of cellulose on the dyeing properties of some direct dyes (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 2191-2199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The behavior of partially acetylated cellulose, partially carboxymethylated cellulose, cyanoethylated cellulose, and cellulose grafted with polyacrylontrile toward three direct dyes, namely, Chlorantine Fast Red 6 BLL, Solophenyl Orange T4RL, and Diphenyl Brilliant Flavine 7GFF, was studied. Partially acetylated cellulose having 2.06% combined acetic acid showed higher dye uptake than the unmodified cellulose. The amount of dye uptake increased as the acetyl content increased up to 4% combined acetic acid. Beyond this, enhancement in the dye uptake was not significant. Whereas partially carboxymethylated cellulose showed a lower dye uptake than the control. The dye uptake decreased considerably as the carboxymethyl groups increased. The same holds true for cyanoethylated cellulose where increasing the cyanoethyl content caused a substantial reduction in the dye uptake. On the other hand, cellulose grafted with polyacrylonitrile up to 18.3% graft yield showed much higher dye uptake than the ungrafted cellulose.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210816
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical factors affecting soiling and soil release from cotton-containing durable press fabric. VI. Effect of introduction of carboxymethyl groups in the cotton component of polyester/cotton blendThis research has been financed in part by a grant made by United States Department of Agriculture, Research Service, authorized by Public Law 480. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3703-3719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Partial carboxymethylation of the cotton component of polyester/cotton blend prior to durable press finishing with dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea in presence of MgCl2·6H2O was carried out under different conditions to control the carboxyl content as well as alteration of the blend components accompanying the chemical modification. The susceptibility of these modified blend samples before and after crosslinking to aqueous and nonaqueous oily soiling and their ability to release the soil was examined. The general indications are that introduction of carboxymethyl groups in the molecular structure of the cotton component of the blend imparts soil release characteristics of the blend provided that (a) the condition of partial carboxymethylation is not accompanied by profound changes in neither the microstructure of the cotton component nor in the polyester content of the blend and (b) the carboxymethyl content should not be so high. It is proposed that the anionic nature of the modified cotton component of the blend during washing helps in repelling the negatively charged soil particles from the blend surface. In addition, a reduction in the interfacial tension at the soil-water interface assists in rolling up the soil and subsequent removal. This can be turned to the opposite if the electrostatic repulsion is masked through creation of soft swollen environment by significantly increasing the carboxymethyl content, decreasing the polyester content, and/or increasing the swellability of cotton component of the blend.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271007
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavior of cellulose graft copolymer towards persulphate oxidation. III. Poly(acrylonitrile) graft copolymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2377-2386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton cellulose was graft copolymerized with poly(acrylonitrile) to different levels. The copolymers so obtained together with the nongrafted cellulose were oxidized at different pH's (4-10) and temperatures (50-70°C) with potassium persulphate. The oxidation reaction was studied with respect to oxygen consumption, mass loss, and changes in copper number and carboxyl content of the cellulosic materials. It was found that the rates of oxidation at pH 4 for the copolymers are substantially higher than that of the nongrafted cellulose and the rate of oxidation is higher the higher the level of grafting. The reverse is the case at pH 10. The mass loss increases as the oxygen consumption increases irrespective of the substrate used and the pH employed. The magnitude of the mass loss is substantially lower in the case of grafted cellulose than in the case of nongrafted cellulose. The cellulosic copolymers with higher graft levels show lower mass loss than those having lower graft levels. However, the copper number and carboxyl content of the oxidized grafted cellulose are higher than those of the nongrafted cellulose at the same oxygen consumption. It is believed that the presence of poly(acrylonitrile) graft in the molecular structure of cellulose impedes cellulosic chain scission without necessarily preventing oxidation of cellulose hydroxyls.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270707
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azobisisobutyronitrile-induced vinyl graft polymerization onto nylon 66 (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1677-1684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of nylon 66 during polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) under the influence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) produces a nylon-PMMA graft copolymer. The copolymerization reaction is greatly influenced by the reaction medium, temperature and time of the reaction, concentration of MMA, and addition of metallic ions. Polymerization in pure organic solvents brings about little or no grafting. Incorporation of water into the polymerization system enhances grafting significantly. A reaction medium of a water/solvent mixture in a ratio of 75:25 constitutes the most favorable medium for the grafting reaction in question. Of the solvents examined, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, and acetone work extremely well. Increase in reaction time is accompanied by an increase in the graft yield. The same holds true for the reaction temperature; the graft yield is much higher at 70 than at 50°C and follows the order 70°C 〉 60°C 〉 50°C. Increasing MMA concentration also causes considerable enhancement of the graft yield. The presence of 0.01M cupric sulfate in the polymerization system brings about an eightfold increase in the graft yield, whereas the presence of ferric sulfate at the same concentration causes a sixfold increase. The mode of initiation of grafting seems to be different in the presence of metallic ions than in their absence. A mechanism for the reactions involved in the both cases has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190618
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of nylon 66 with methyl methacrylate using dimethylaniline-benzyl chloride-acetic acid initiating system (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 1965-1970 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Grafting of nylon 66 with methyl methacrylate (MMA) under the initiating influence of dimethylaniline (DMA)-benzyl chloride (BC)-acetic acid (AC) mixture was studied to discover optimal conditions for grafting. Results of this investigation showed that a mixture of water/ethanol at a ratio of 90:10 constitutes the most favorable medium for the grafting reaction. Optimal grafting occurred when a concentration of 0.16 mole/l. DMA plus 0.17 mole/l. BC plus 0.2 mole/l. AC was used. Using lower or higher concentrations of this initiator led to lower grafting. On the other hand, increasing MMA concentration brings about a significant increase in the graft yield. The same holds true for reaction time and temperature, though an induction period was observed at a lower temperature (65°C) and when lower monomer concentration (2%) was used.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070210722
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pentavalent vanadium ion-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate onto cotton cellulose (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto cotton cellulose using vanadium pentanitrate as initiator was studied under a variety of conditions. The graft yield increased with increasing initiator concentration up to 8 mmole/l. and then decreased upon further increase in initiator concentration. Increasing MMA concentration from 1 to 5% was accompanied by a significant increase in the degree of grafting. The latter was also affected by the kind and concentration of the acid incorporated in the polymerization medium. Based on graft yields, the efficiency of the acids follows the order H2SO4 〉 HNO3 〉 HClO4. Replacement of the acid with isopropyl alcohol was also examined. An isopropyl alcohol concentration of 10% constitutes the optimal concentration for grafting. Maximum graft yield depends upon the polymerization temperature; it follows the order 50°C ≥ 60°C 〉 40°C 〉 30°C 〉 70°C. Reaction mechanisms for grafting in the presence of acid as well as in the presence of isopropyl alcohol are proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260113
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate onto wool using dimethylaniline/copper(II) system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 519-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimethylaniline (DMA)/CuII-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto wool fibres was studied under different conditions. The grafting reaction was found to be influenced by CuII, DMA, and MMA concentrations as well as polymerization temperature, reaction time, and polymerization medium. While the graft yield increased by increasing the amount of MMA from 100 to 500 mmol/L, maximum grafting occurred at 0.5 mmol/L CuSO4, 10 mmol/L DMA. The graft yield increased by increasing the reaction time from 15 to 150 min and by raising the polymerization temperature from 60 to 80°C. Using dimethylformamide/water and ethyl alcohol/water mixture as a medium for grafting decreased the graft yield, while using isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures increased the graft yield as compared to pure aqueous medium.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270215
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of allyl methacrylate with nylon 6 using benzoyl peroxide as initiator (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 103 (1982), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Allylmethacrylat und Nylon 6 und Dibenzoylperoxid als Initiator wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Ausbeute hängt von der Allylmethacrylat- und Dibenzoylperoxidkonzentration, der Polymerisationszeit, der Temperatur, sowie von der Zugabe von Metallsalzen oder organischen Lösungsmitteln ab. Die Ausbeute steigt mit zunehmender Initiatorkonzentration bis zu 0,5 mmol/l, sinkt dann aber bei weiterer Peroxidzugabe; sie nimmt zu mit steigender Allylmethacrylatkonzentration, untersucht von 80 bis 300 mmol/l. 85°C ist die optimale Polymerisationstemperatur, darunter und darüber wird eine geringere Ausbeute erhalten. Der Effekt der Polymerisationszeit ist mit der Polymerisationstemperatur verknüpft, es gibt keine Induktionszeit bei 95°C, dagegen 15 bzw. 30 Minuten bei 85 bzw. 75°C. Ein Zusatz von Cu+ + -Ionen zum Polymerisationsansatz verbessert die Ausbeute. Ähnlich ist es mit Fe+++ - und Li+ -Ionen. Ein Gemisch aus Wasser und einem organischen Lösungsmittel als Medium für die Polymerisation war vorteilhaft zur Erhöhung der Ausbeute, vorausgesetzt, daß das organische Lösungsmittel 1% bei Ethanol und Isopropanol und 4% bei Methanol nicht überstieg.
    Notes: Polymerization of allyl methacrylate with nylon 6 using benzoyl peroxide as initiator was carried out under different conditions. The polymer add-on was dependent upon allyl methacrylate and benzoyl peroxide concentrations, polymerization time and temperature as well as addition of metallic salts or organic solvents. The polymer add-on increased by increasing benzoyl peroxide concentration up to 0.5 mmol/l then decreased by further increase in peroxide concentration, whereas it increased as the allyl methacrylate concentration increased from 80 - 300 mmol/l. A polymerization temperature of 85°C constituted the optimal temperature, below or above this temperature resulted in lower polymer add-on. The effect of polymerization time was related to the polymerization temperature, no induction period occured at 95°C in contrast to 15 and 30 minutes at 85°C and 75°C, respectively. The incorporation of Cu+ +ions in the polymerization system improved the magnitude of polymer add-on. A similar situation was encountered with Fe+ + + and Li+ ions. Using a water/organic solvent mixture as a polymerization medium was advantageous in enhancing polymer add-on provided that the organic solvent did not exceed 1% in case of ethanol and isopropanol and 4% in case of methanol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1982.051030113
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