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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 70 (1994), S. 275-304 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the near-tip mechanics of mode I cracking in brittle matrix composite laminates. A finite element model is developed within the context of two competing characteristic lengths present in the composite, i.e., the microstructural length such as the layer thickness and the macro-length such as the crack length, uncracked ligament size, etc.. The crack surfaces are assumed to be traction free and perpendicular to the reinforcing layers. Conditions leading to macroscopic homogeneous orthotropic mechanical behavior are also assumed. Thus, the near-tip numerical studies are carried out within a small scale heterogeneous zone which surrounds the crack tip and is dominated at its outer boundary by the displacements associated with a mode I crack in a homogeneous orthotropic medium. The model is used to calculate the stresses and stress intensities in the vicinity of the crack tip which develop due to the alternating fiber/matrix heterogeneous composite microstructure. Parameter studies elucidating the effects of the two competing composite characteristic lengths on the evolution and structure of the near-tip heterogeneous stress fields are carried out. The results indicate that when the characteristic microstructural length is relatively large compared to the macroscopic length, the singular heterogeneous stress fields may deviate substantially from the assumed homogenized orthotropic fields. The study can be used to determine the necessary conditions under which homogenization applies in obtaining an accurate description of the stresses in the vicinity of the crack tip in a laminated composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 54 (1992), S. 269-291 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper is concerned with the problem of mixed-mode fracture, especially where such failure occurs along a plane of weakness at a bimaterial interface or by interlaminar failure in polymer fibre-composite materials. Firstly, two different schemes for analysing such mixed-mode failures are discussed. These schemes are: (i) a method based upon a consideration of the local singular field ahead of a crack tip, and (ii) a global method based upon a consideration of the applied energy release rates. Secondly, experimental data taken from the literature are reviewed and it is concluded that the latter scheme results in a more consistent interpretation of the data. Indeed, in several cases the global method clearly gives far better agreement between the theoretical predictions and the observed results. The reasons for this are suggested to be the very localised nature of the singular-dominated region ahead of a crack tip in many test specimens and the relatively large damage zone in the materials studied. Finally, the present work has led to the proposal of a general criterion for fracture under mixed-mode loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 76 (1995), S. 97-120 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An energy based numerical method has been developed for extracting stress intensities at the tip of an interface crack bounded by two orthogonal dissimilar materials and subjected to a general state of stress. The method is most suitable for mixed mode delamination fracture studies often observed in brittle matrix composite laminates. After obtaining the near-tip finite element solution for a given laminated geometry, the elastic energy release rate, i.e., J is computed via the stiffness derivative method. The individual orthotropic stress intensities, K I *, K II * are then calculated at a minimum computational expense from further J calculations perturbed by reciprocal stress intensity increments. Results obtained using the Crack Surface Displacement (CSD) method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using the energy method. Comparisons with theoretical solutions indicate that the energy method can be used accurately even when relatively coarse finite element meshes containing approximately 200 eight noded isoparametric elements are used. The method provides an effective and reliable tool for studying via the method of finite elements delamination phenomena in composite anisotropic laminates.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 43 (1991), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1572-9052
    Keywords: Eulerian numbers ; Eulerian polynomials ; Stirling numbers ; random permutations ; unimodality ; asymptotic normality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The distribution with probability function p k(n, α, β) = A n, k(α, β)/(α+ β)[p], k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, where the parameters α and β are positive real numbers, A n, k (α, β) is the generalized Eulerian number and (α + β)[n] = (α + β)(α + β +1) ... (α + β +n − 1), introduced and discussed by Janardan (1988, Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 40, 439–450), is further studied. The probability generating function of the generalized Eulerian distribution is expressed by a generalized Eulerian polynomial which, when expanded suitably, provides the factorial moments in closed form in terms of non-central Stirling numbers. Further, it is shown that the generalized Eulerian distribution is unimodal and asymptotically normal.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 90 (1998), S. 299-323 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; initiation ; near-tip ; plastic zone microvoid ; nucleation ; mode-I loading ; laminate ; composite brittle ; ductile.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A near-tip plane strain finite element analysis of a crack terminating at and normal to the interface in a laminate consisting of alternate brittle and ductile layers is conducted under mode-I loading. The studies are carried out for a system representing steel/alumina composite laminate. The Gurson constitutive model, which accounts for the ductile failure mechanisms of microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence, is employed within the framework of small deformation plasticity theory. Evolution of plastic zone and damage in the ductile layer is monitored with increasing load. High plastic strain localization and microvoid damage accumulation are found to occur along the brittle/ductile interface at the crack-tip. Fracture initiation in the ductile phase is predicted and the conditions for crack renucleation in the brittle layer ahead of the crack are established for the system under consideration. Ductile fracture initiation has been found to occur before plasticity spreads in multiple ductile layers. Effects of material mismatch and yield strength on the plastic zone evolution are briefly discussed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 40 (1989), S. 235-254 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente une méthode numérique en vue d'obtenir les valeurs de K* 1, K* II et K* III relatives à la solution élastique d'application à l'extrémité d'une fissure d'interface sujette à un état de contraintes général. La méthode repose sur l'évaluation de l'intégraleJ par la technique d'extension virtuelle de la fissure. On peut ensuite obtenir les intensités de contraintes individuelles à partir de calculs deJ subséquents, correspondant à des perturbations introduites par de petits accroissements des facteurs d'intensité de contraintes. Les calculs sont accomplis par la méthode des éléments finis, mais, par rapport aux calculs à mettre en oeuvre dans le problème des valeurs aux limites, il ne faut procéder qu'à quelques calculs supplémentaires. On présente des résultats très précis pour le cas d'une fissure dans un interface entre deux matériaux, et on les compare avec ceux provenant d'autres méthodes d'évaluation des facteurs d'intensité de contraintes. En particulier, on fait une comparaison pour des facteurs d'intensité de contraintes obtenus en calculant J par la méthode d'extension virtuelle d'une fissure, mais en séparant les modes selon le rapport des déplacements de la surface de la fissure. Les deux techniques fonctionnent de manière satisfaisante avec des maillages fins d'éléments finis; cependant, les résultats suggèrent que la méthode qui repose entièrement sur les évaluations de l'intégraleJ peut être utilisée afin d'obtenir des résultats fiables dans les réseaux à mailles grossières.
    Notes: Abstract A numerical method is presented for obtaining the values of K* 1,K * II and K* III in the elasticity solution at the tip of an interface crack in general states of stress. The basis of the method is an evaluation of theJ-integral by the virtual crack extension method. Individual stress intensities can then be obtained from further calculations ofJ perturbed by small increments of the stress intensity factors. The calculations are carried out by the finite element method but minimal extra computations are required compared to those for the boundary value problem. Very accurate results are presented for a crack in the bimaterial interface and compared with other methods of evaluating the stress intensity factors. In particular, a comparison is made with stress intensity factors obtained by computingJ by the virtual crack extension method but separating the modes by using the ratio of displacements on the crack surface. Both techniques work well with fine finite element meshes but the results suggest that the method that relies entirely on J-integral evaluations can be used to give reliable results for coarse meshes.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Metrika 33 (1986), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1435-926X
    Keywords: linear function Poisson distribution ; linear function binomial distribution ; linear function negative binomial distribution ; fluctuations of sums of random variables ; Lagrange series ; Bell partition polynomials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A general model in fluctuations of sums of random variables leading, under certain assumptions, to each of the generalized and linear function Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distributions is presented. Moreover the generating functions and the factorial moments of the linear function Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distributions are obtained in close forms and certain distributional properties are discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Metrika 28 (1981), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1435-926X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper deals with two types of generalized general binomial (binomial or negative binomial) distributions: (i) a univariate general binomial generalized by a bivariate distribution and (ii) a bivariate general binomial generalized by two independent univariate distributions. The probabilities, moments, conditional distributions and regression functions for these distributions are obtained in terms of bipartitional polynomials. Moreover recurrence relations for the probabilities and moments, independent of the bipartitional polynomials, are given. Finally these general results are applied to the (i) Binomial-Bivariate Poisson and (ii) Bivariate Binomial-Poissons distributions.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1435-926X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The minimum variance unbiased estimation for the zero class truncated bivariate Poisson and logarithmic series distributions is discussed. The distribution of a suitable complete and sufficient statistic is obtained in each case. These distributions, as well as the corresponding minimum variance unbiased estimators have been expressed in terms of certain polynomials with coefficients Stirling numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to determine the fracture toughness of phenolic resin and its composite. Fracture tests on phenolic resin resulted in a fracture toughness close to values quoted for unmodified epoxy resins. Composite specimens of glass fiber reinforced phenolic were also tested. The interlaminar fracture toughness in both mode I and mode II failures was determined. The mode I initiation values were lower than the neat resin's toughness. Mode I propagation values were strongly influenced by fiber bridging. The mechanism of fiber bridging was found to be sensitive to specimen dimensions. The effect of fiber bridging on the mode I analysis is discussed. Fiber bridging was also evident in mode II failures. Two different geometries were used for the mode II tests (end loaded split and end notched flexure); a correlation between the results from the two geometries is made.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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