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  • 11
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    Energy considerations in computational aeroacoustics (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A finite-volume multistage time-stepping Euler code is used to investigate the use of CFD algorithms for the direct calculation of acoustics. The 2D compressible inviscid flow about an accelerating or decelerating circular cylinder is used as a model problem. The time evolution of the energy transfer from the cylinder to the fluid, as the cylinder is moved from rest to some nonnegligible velocity, is clearly seen. By examining the temporal and spatial characteristics of the numerical solution, a distinction can be made between the propagating acoustic energy, the convecting energy associated with the entropy change in the fluid, and the energy contained in the local aerodynamic field. Systematic variation of the cylinder acceleration shows that the radiated acoustic energy depends strongly upon the rate of acceleration or deceleration. The computational grid has a large effect on the ratio of acoustic energy to nonphysical entropy associated energy, while the role of the explicit artificial viscosity seems to be of second order. The entropy term was nearly negligible in all cases the cylinder was started slowly.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: ; : IR sensors; Procee
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  • 12
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    The influence of quadrupole sources in the boundary layer and wake of a blade on helicopter rotor noise (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is presently noted that, for an observer in or near the plane containing a helicopter rotor disk, and in the far field, part of the volume quadrupole sources, and the blade and wake surface quadrupole sources, completely cancel out. This suggests a novel quadrupole source description for the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation which retain quadrupoles with axes parallel to the rotor disk; in this case, the volume and shock surface sourse terms are dominant.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 7 p.
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  • 13
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    Helicopter noise prediction - The current status and future direction (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper takes stock of the progress, assesses the current prediction capabilities, and forecasts the direction of future helicopter noise prediction research. The acoustic analogy approach, specifically, theories based on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations, are the most widely used for deterministic noise sources. Thickness and loading noise can be routinely predicted given good plane motion and blade loading inputs. Blade-vortex interaction noise can also be predicted well with measured input data, but prediction of airloads with the high spatial and temporal resolution required for BVI is still difficult. Current semiempirical broadband noise predictions are useful and reasonably accurate. New prediction methods based on a Kirchhoff formula and direct computation appear to be very promising, but are currently very demanding computationally.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: In: DGLR(AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 14th, Aachen, Germany, May 11-14, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 2 (A93-19126 05-71); p. 724-735.
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  • 14
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    Computation of Sound Generated by Flow Over a Circular Cylinder: An Acoustic Analogy Approach (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The sound generated by viscous flow past a circular cylinder is predicted via the Lighthill acoustic analogy approach. The two dimensional flow field is predicted using two unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solvers. Flow field computations are made for laminar flow at three Reynolds numbers (Re = 1000, Re = 10,000, and Re = 90,000) and two different turbulent models at Re = 90,000. The unsteady surface pressures are utilized by an acoustics code that implements Farassat's formulation 1A to predict the acoustic field. The acoustic code is a 3-D code - 2-D results are found by using a long cylinder length. The 2-D predictions overpredict the acoustic amplitude; however, if correlation lengths in the range of 3 to 10 cylinder diameters are used, the predicted acoustic amplitude agrees well with experiment.
    Keywords: Acoustics
    Type: Second Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) Workshop on Benchmark Problems; 289-295; NASA-CP-3352
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  • 15
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    1991-92 AHS Technical Committee highlights - Acoustics (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Progress made in 1991-92 in rotorcraft noise technology is reviewed. Flight testing of the SV-15 Tiltrotor Research Aircraft fitted with Advanced Technology Blades, noise prediction research conducted at NASA Langley, and noise reduction studies which have demonstrated significant noise reduction using higher harmonic control are discussed.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: Vertiflite (ISSN 0042-4455); 38; 3, Ma
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  • 16
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    Prediction of helicopter rotor discrete frequency noise for three scale models (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 25; 420-427
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  • 17
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    Computation of Sound Generated by Viscous Flow Over a Circular Cylinder (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Lighthill acoustic analogy approach combined with Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes is used to predict the sound generated by unsteady viscous flow past a circular cylinder assuming a correlation length of 10 cylinder diameters. The two-dimensional unsteady flow field is computed using two Navier-Stokes codes at a low Mach number over a range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 5 million. Both laminar flow as well as turbulent flow with a variety of eddy viscosity turbulence models are employed. Mean drag and Strouhal number are examined, and trends similar to experiments are observed. Computing the noise within the Reynolds number regime where transition to turbulence occurs near the separation point is problematic: laminar flow exhibits chaotic behavior and turbulent flow exhibits strong dependence on the turbulence model employed. Comparisons of far-field noise with experiment at a Reynolds number of 90,000, therefore, vary significantly, depending on the turbulence model. At a high Reynolds number outside this regime, three different turbulence models yield self-consistent results.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-110339 , NAS 1.15:110339
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  • 18
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    Computation of Vortex Shedding and Radiated Sound for a Circular Cylinder (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: The Lighthill acoustic analogy approach combined with Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes is used to predict the sound generated by unsteady viscous flow past a circular cylinder assuming a correlation length of ten cylinder diameters. The two- dimensional unsteady ow field is computed using two Navier-Stokes codes at a low Mach number over a range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 5 million. Both laminar ow as well as turbulent ow with a variety of eddy viscosity turbulence models are employed. Mean drag and Strouhal number are examined, and trends similar to experiments are observed. Computing the noise within the Reynolds number regime where transition to turbulence occurs near the separation point is problematic: laminar flow exhibits chaotic behavior and turbulent ow exhibits strong dependence on the turbulence model employed. Comparisons of far-field noise with experiment at a Reynolds number of 90,000, therefore, vary significantly, depending on the turbulence model. At a high Reynolds number outside this regime, three different turbulence models yield self-consistent results.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
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  • 19
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    Modeling Aerodynamically Generated Sound of Helicopter Rotors (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: A great deal of progress has been made in the modeling of aerodynamically generated sound of rotors over the past decade. Although the modeling effort has focused on helicopter main rotors, the theory is generally valid for a wide range of rotor configurations. The Ffowcs Williams Hawkings (FW-H) equation has been the foundation for much of the development. The monopole and dipole source terms of the FW-H equation account for the thickness and loading noise, respectively. Bladevortex-interaction noise and broadband noise are important types of loading noise, hence much research has been directed toward the accurate modeling of these noise mechanisms. Both subsonic and supersonic quadrupole noise formulations have been developed for the prediction of high-speed impulsive noise. In an effort to eliminate the need to compute the quadrupole contribution, the FW-H equation has also been utilized on permeable surfaces surrounding all physical noise sources. Comparisons of the Kirchhoff formulation for moving surfaces with the FW-H equation have shown that the Kirchhoff formulation for moving surfaces can give erroneous results for aeroacoustic problems. Finally, significant progress has been made incorporating the rotor noise models into full vehicle noise prediction tools.
    Keywords: Acoustics
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  • 20
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    Helicopter Rotor Noise Prediction: Background, Current Status, and Future Direction (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-02
    Description: Helicopter noise prediction is increasingly important. The purpose of this viewgraph presentation is to: 1) Put into perspective the recent progress; 2) Outline current prediction capabilities; 3) Forecast direction of future prediction research; 4) Identify rotorcraft noise prediction needs. The presentation includes an historical perspective, a description of governing equations, and the current status of source noise prediction.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
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