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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Single and multisensor field effect transistors (FET) with a pH-sensitive Si/SiO2/Si3N4/Ta2O5-gate and reference electrode (for single sensor) were developed and used for manufacturing the following biological (Bio)-FETs: for glucose analysis, glucose oxidase-FET (GOD-FET); for urea analysis, urease-FET; and for cephalosporin C analysis, cephalosporinase-FET. The GOD-FETs were integrated into flow injection analysis (FIA) of the Eppendorf variables analyser (EVA) system and used for monitoring the glucose concentration in microbial cultivation and production processes with recombinant Escherichia coli K12 MF, recombinant E. coli JM103, Saccharomyces cerevisiae H620, and Candida boidinii. Urease-FET-FIA was used to monitor the urea concentration in a simulated cultivation of Cephalosporium acremonium and urease-FET-FIA and GOD-FET-FIA for the monitoring of urea and glucose concentrations in simulated S. cerevisiae cultivations.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.55H ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Frequency stabilization to the gain profile of an internal mirror He−Ne laser emitting at 543.5 nm wavelength is described. The dependence of the power and polarization on frequency was investigated for multi-mode and two-mode operation. The emitted laser modes are linearly polarized. Two orthogonal eigenpolarizations fixed to the laser tube were observed. Spontaneous switching between these polarizations occurred when the laser frequency was scanning through the gain profile. In two-mode operation, these polarization flips have been suppressed by applying a weak magnetic field transversal to the gas discharge. Under such operation conditions the frequencies of the laser could be stabilized to the gain profile by controlling the power difference of the two modes to zero. The fractional frequency reproducibility is in the region of Δf/f≃3×10−8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of parts used for microelectronics applicationsManifestations of corrosion on parts used in microelectronics occur for different reasons and are frequently described in literature. They are not only caused by operational circumstances but are also favoured by the production process. Investigations have been carried out to ascertain the cause of the failure of several circuit boards used in the operation electronics of the preparation unit for kitchen waste water. During microscopic and electronmicroscopic observations of failed circuit boards, different corrosion types have been found, mainly on the surface of a commonly used Sn-Pb-alloy. Hence, potentiostatic and free-corrosion experiments under laboratory conditions have been performed using the employed Sn-Pb-alloy. In order to simulate the increased concentration of harmful substances at the surface of the boards, the medium used contained a high percentage of the substances found in the surroundings of the unit. From the measured values of current density for different potentials and the observed corrosion on the sample's surface, conclusions as to the reported failure of the electrical operation system have been made. During the experiments under laboratory conditions, manifestations of corrosion similar to those found on the surface of the failed circuit boards have been observed. Based on these results, it seems likely that pitting and selective corrosion of the Sn-Pb-alloy led to the failure of the investigated circuit boards and, therefore, of the operation electronics.
    Notes: Korrosionserscheinungen an Bauteilen der Mikroelektronik treten aus unterschiedlichen Gründen auf und sind in der Literatur beschrieben. Sie werden nicht nur durch die Betriebsumstände hervorgerufen, sondern werden nicht selten auch durch die Fertigung begünstigt. Untersuchungen zum Ausfall mehrerer Platten, die in der Steuerungselektronik einer Fettaufbereitungsanlage für Großküchenabwässer zum Einsatz gekommen sind, wurden durchgeführt. Bei der licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Betrachtung der ausgefallenen Platine wurden verschiedene Korrosionserscheinungen gefunden, die hauptsächlich an dem eingesetzten Lötwerkstoff auftraten. Aus diesem Grund sind an der als Lötstoff eingesetzten Zinn-Blei-Legierung unter Laborbedingungen potentiostatische Halteversuche und Versuche hei freier Korrosion mit Medien durchgeführt warden, welche die Schadstoffe der Umgebungsluft der Anlage in erhöhten Mengen beinhalten, um damit ein Aufkonzentrieren an den Oberflächen der Platine zu simulieren. Anhand der ermittelten Stromdichte-Werte für verschiedene Potentiale und der Korrosionserscheinungen an den Proben werden Rückschlüsse auf den vorliegenden Schadensfall gezogen. Bei den unter Laborbedingungen durchgeführten Versuchen werden ähnliche Korrosionserscheinungen beobachtet, wie sie an den Bauelementen der ausgefallenen Platinen gefunden wurden. Es wird aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse Vermutet daß Lochfraß und selektive Korrosion der Sn-Pb-Legierung ursächlich für den Ausfall der untersuchten Platinen der Steuerungselektronik ist.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Zinc complexes ; tridentate N,S,S ligand ; tetrameric structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zinc Complexes of the Chelating N,S,S Ligand N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-2-mercaptoanilineThe organic compound N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-2-mercaptoaniline (LH2) which as a ligand offers two SH functions, which can be deprotonated, and one NH donor function was prepared by a new method. Its reaction with zinc salts yielded the 1:1 complex ZnL. The structure analysis identified the complex as a molecular tetramer with bridging thiolate groups, a tetrahedral ZnNS3 coordination, and a step-like Zn4S4 ring as the central structural unit. Attempts to break up the tetramer by addition of coligands were successful only for 2,2′-bipyridine which produced the complex LZn · bipy.
    Notes: Die organische Verbindung N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-2-mercaptoanilin (LH2), die als Ligand zwei deprotonierbare SH-Funktionen und eine NH-Donorfunktion anbietet, wurde auf einem neuen Wege dargestellt. Ihre Umsetzung mit Zinksalzen lieferte den 1:1-Komplex ZnL. Die Strukturanalyse wies diesen als ein molekulares Tetramer mit verbrückenden Thiolatgruppen, tetraedrischer ZnNS3-Koordination und einem stufenförmigen Zn4S4-Ring als zentraler Baueinheit aus. Versuche, das Tetramer durch Zugabe von Koliganden aufzubrechen, waren nur für 2,2′-Bipyridin erfolgreich, mit dem sich der Komplex LZn · bipy bildete.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: We present a new and innovative way of determining the oxygen level of Earth’s past atmosphere by directly measuring inclusion gases trapped in halite. After intensive screening using multiple depositional, textural/fabric, and geochemical parameters, we determined that tectonically undisturbed cumulate, chevron, and cornet halite inclusions may retain atmospheric gas during crystallization from shallow saline, lagoonal, and/or saltpan brine. These are the first measurements of inclusion gas for the Neoproterozoic obtained from 815 ± 15–m.y.–old Browne Formation chevron halite of the Officer Basin, southwest Australia. The 31 gas measurements afford us a direct glimpse of the composition of the mid- to late Neoproterozoic atmosphere and register an average oxygen content of 10.9%. The measured p O 2 puts oxygenation of Earth’s paleoatmosphere ~100–200 m.y. ahead of current models and proxy studies. It also puts oxygenation of the Neoproterozoic atmosphere in agreement with time of diversification of eukaryotes and in advance of the emergence of marine animal life.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈span〉Strontium isotopes of marine archives provide a significant means for tracing physical and chemical processes operating over geologic time. Modern articulated brachiopods and halite samples were collected from all depths of the world’s main water bodies. Material from the Arctic, North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans, as well as Caribbean and Mediterranean seas provide baseline parameters for diagenetic screening and reconstruction of seawater curves. The Sr isotopic ratio of modern brachiopods is unobscured by latitude, depth, and biologic factors (Order, valves, and shell segment). However, there is a small but significant impact of external sources reflected by salinity and temperature on the Sr isotope ratio of modern brachiopods. We found a significant difference in 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr of brachiopods from polar and temperate-tropical habitats (〈span〉p〈/span〉 = 0.001), which should be considered when working with deep-time archives. The average 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr value of all our modern shells (0.709160 ± 0.000019; 〈span〉N〈/span〉 = 95) and halite (0.709153) is similar to values measured for modern seawater (0.710167 ± 0.000009; 〈span〉p〈/span〉 = 0.118). The radiogenic Sr content of present-day seawater does not vary significantly, and modern biogenic-calcite 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr ranges from 0.709126 to 0.709233 with a fluctuation of about ±0.000054. With the most rigorous diagenetic evaluations and stratigraphic assignment of deep-time samples, and applying the Sr isotope fluctuation recorded by modern biogenic calcite to ancient carbonates and a 1 Myr interval, reconstructions resulted in a seawater-〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr curve with greater details during the Phanerozoic and Neoproterozoic.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0008-4077
    Electronic ISSN: 1480-3313
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2014-04-03
    Description: The Boat Harbour Formation constitutes the upper part of the Lower Ordovician St. George Group on the Northern Peninsula, western Newfoundland. It ranges in thickness from 140 m (459 ft) at Main Brook to 96 m (315 ft) at Daniel's Harbour. Dolomitization of the carbonate sequence is more pervasive in the lower 30 to 40 m (98 to 131 ft) at Main Brook, whereas at Daniel's Harbour, the section is entirely dolomitized. Petrography suggests that the Boat Harbour Formation has been affected by three phases of dolomitization. The earliest (near surface or synsedimentary) phase is D1 dolomicrite (4–55 μm), which exhibits dull to no luminescence. It commonly occurs as laminae-capping cycles and as breccias in the younger dolomite phases. It has low Sr (228 ± 30 ppm) and an average 18 O value of –6.0 ± 0.8 (Vienna Peedee belemnite [VPDB]) in the Main Brook section but more depleted signatures for 18 O of –8.8 ± 1 (VPDB) and lower Sr contents (45 ± 8 ppm) in the Daniel's Harbour section. The geochemical composition suggests that D1 was developed from fluids of a mixture of meteoric and marine waters. The midburial phase D2 dolomite consists of coarse planar subeuhedral crystals (30–400 μm) that show concentric cathodoluminescence zoning and are also crosscut by microstylolites. Its 18 O values range between –6.6 ± 1.3 (VPDB) at Main Brook and –9.0 ± 0.5 (VPDB) at Daniel's Harbour. This dolomite likely precipitated from fluids that circulated through crustal rocks with progressive burial ( T h value of 114°C ± 11°C and salinity value of 23 ± 1.8 eq. wt. % NaCl). The late-stage D3 dolomite has large and coarse nonplanar crystals (125 μm–7 mm) that exhibit sweeping extinction under crossed polars, which is characteristic of saddle dolomite and also sometimes shows thin brightly luminescent rims. It was likely precipitated during deeper burial in pulses and from hot fluids ( T h values of 148°C ± 19°C and 115°C ± 19.6°C and mean salinities of 23 ± 2 and 22 ± 2 eq. wt. % NaCl at Main Brook and Daniel's Harbour, respectively). This is also supported by their relatively more depleted 18 O (–11.1 ± 1.2 and –12.3 ± 1.4 VPDB, respectively) and low Sr contents (88 ± 36 and 38 ± 5.9 ppm, respectively). Porosity in the Boat Harbour Formation is mainly associated with the midburial D2 dolomite. Intercrystalline porosity is the dominant type, and it ranges in the formation from less than 1% to 8% at Main Brook and from 7% to 12% at Daniel's Harbour. Vugs are less common but are associated with D3 dolomite. The porous zone in the formation at Main Brook starts approximately 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft) below the lower Boat Harbour disconformity and extends down to the lower formational boundary, whereas porous zones in the formation at Daniel's Harbour are indiscriminately distributed throughout the section.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1989-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0946-2171
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0649
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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