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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanisms of polymer degradation by laminar shear (1987)
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 8 (1987), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1987.030080908
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer-polymer miscibility evaluation by acoustic emission (1992)
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1992.030130108
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous fractionation of an ionene containing cycloaliphatic moieties and the dependence of the glass transition temperature on molar mass (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 46 (1995), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: About 340 g of a cycloaliphatic ionene (see formula given in the introduction) were fractionated by a continuous counter-current extraction method (CPF). The efficiency of the separation was checked by viscometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Ten different fractions with number average molecular masses between 16 000 and 29 000 D were obtained and their glass transition temperatures Tg determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for their bromide and tetrafluoroborate salts. No molecular weight dependence of Tg was found, in contrast to recently reported results with aliphatic ionenes, where  -  in case of the bromide  -  Tg increases with rising molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1995.010460503
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodik zur Charakterisierung dynamischer Eigenschaften von Grenzflächen in Emulsionssystemen (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 67 (1995), S. 1084-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330670908
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    16. Flow-induced Structuring of Biopolymer Mixtures (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 70 (1998), S. 1072-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330700920
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the factors governing the pressure dependence of the viscosity of moderately concentrated polymer solutionsPart of theses of H. G. and J. R. S. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1277-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscosity measurements were carried out as a function of pressure and temperature with solutions of polystyrene in eight (endothermal) θ-solvents at the respective critical composition by means of a Searle-type apparatus. A rolling-ball viscometer was used for the investigation of the pure solvents. In all cases the viscosity coefficient increases in a more or less exponential manner when the pressure is raised. For θ-conditions, the volumes of activation of the solutions exceed that of the pure solvent by typically 10-15%. The exact amount of this extra efffect stemming from the presence of the polymer and its variation with temperature can be qualitatively correlated with the heats of mixing. The ratio of the viscosity of the solution at 1000 and 1 bar, respectively, can be varied for a given solvent power (θ-temperature) by the choice of the solvent from ca. 2 (cyclopentane) to 4 (trans-decalin). Within a given system, the maximum effects that can be realized by a change of the solvent power via the variation of temperature ranges from ca. 3 to 6 (tert-butylacetate).
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270417
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous fractionation and solution properties of PIB. I. Search for the best mixed solvent and first results of the continuous polymer fractionation (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 271-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To adopt a recently developed method for large scale fractionation (CPF = continuous polymer fractionation, a special kind of counter current extraction) to polyisobutylene (PIB), a systematic search for the best mixed solvent was performed. For this purpose, the essential parts of the phase diagrams solvent/nonsolvent/PIB were determined for 21 mixed solvents by cloud-point measurements; with eight systems of special interest, the molecular weight distributions of the polymers contained in the coexisting phases were also studied. On the basis of these experiments and of considerations concerning additional criteria for the performance of the continuous counter current extraction, the mixed solvent toluene/methyl ethyl ketone was chosen. First experiments with a PIB sample of Mw = 420,000 g/mol and a molecular nonuniformity U = (Mw/Mn) - 1 of 2.3 yielded two high molecular weight fractions Mw = 1.1 × 106 and 0.6 × 106 resp., with U = 0.3 on a 100 g scale upon the application of four CPF steps.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340123
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous fractionation and solution properties of PIB.Part I: cf. Ref. 1. II. CPF optimization (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 287-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The quality of polymer fractionation depends on the choice of the mixed solvent as well as on the particular conditions of operating the continuous countercurrent extraction. With a polyisobutylene (PIB) sample of medium molecular weight Mw = 98,400 g/mol and U = (Mw/Mn) - 1 = 1.4 plus the mixed solvents toluene/2-butanone (TOL/MEK) and n-heptane/2-butanone (HEP/MEK) (both giving comparably good fractionation in equilibrium experiments), possible ways to optimize the CPF were tested. The mixed solvent HEP/MEK turns out to be superior to TOL/MEK for kinetic reasons. Due to the larger gap between its density and that of the pure polymer, the coexisting phases can still move through the column, even if the working point of the CPF is chosen close to the consolute point of the ternary system. Under these conditions the mass transfer becomes more rapid, and up to 80% of the (mixed) solvent can be economized as compared with TOL/MEK. Four CPF runs with TOL/MEK (each dividing the polymer material into portions approximately equal in weight, and rejecting the first low molecular fraction) yielded four 200 g samples of Mw ranging from 80,600 to 257,000 with U values of ca. 0.3.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340124
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory-based improvements of continuous polymer fractionation demonstrated for poly(carbonate) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 1265-1279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the first time, a quantitative theoretical analysis (liquid/liquid phase equilibria treated by means of the continuous thermodynamics) of the operating characteristics of continuous polymer fractionation (CPF) was performed. The results of these calculations were compared with data published for CPF of polyethylene. It turned out that the efficiency of the conventional CPF corresponds to approximately two theoretical plates only. For this reason, several improvements, suggested by theoretical considerations, were realized experimentally, for which purpose the system dichloromethane/diethylene glycol/bisphenol-A polycarbonate was chosen. The pulsating sieve-bottom column was replaced by a nonpulsating column filled with glass beads. In this manner, the number of theoretical plates could be raised considerably. A further improvement of the fractionation efficiency results from the reflux of part of the polymer contained in the sol phase. In praxi, this situation was realized by putting a condensor on top of the column and introducing the feed somewhere near its upper third. After predictive calculations and orienting experiments, 125 g of a polycarbonate with Mw = 29 kg/mol and a nonuniformity U = 1.3 were fractionated in four consecutive CPF runs (where the gels were directly used as feed for the next step) into five fractions of approximately equal weight. Except for the lowest-molecular-weight fraction, one obtains nonuniformities on the order of 0.1.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450715
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen von Phasengleichgewichten an Polymerlösungen mittels Säulenfraktionierung (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 108 (1967), S. 263-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The compositions of the two phases (sol and gel phase) forming when the homogeneous solution of polymer samples with most probable molecular weight distribution are cooled below the critical solution temperature are studied. The integral polymer separation is characterized by the limiting viscosity number ratio of the polymer in the sol and gel phase, respectively, to that of the initial polymer as a function of the weight ratio of the polymer in the tow phases. The separation was very similar in a simple liquid (cyclohexane) and in a mixed solvent (benzene-ethanol). The distribution of individual polymer homologs between the two phases was studied by measuring the molecular weight distribution of the initial polymer and of the polymer in the sol and gel phase, respectively, by means of the BAKER-WILLIAMS fractionation method. A linear relationship between In (cp/c′P) and P is obtained, where cp and c′P are the concentrations of polymer with degree of polymerisation P in the sol and gel phase, respectively. This result is discused in terms of the theory of high polymer solutions.
    Notes: An Polystyrolproben mit wahrscheinlichster Molekulargewichtsverteilung wurde die Aufteilung des Polymeren auf die beim Abkühlen homogener Lösungen unter die Entmischungstemperatur entstehenden beiden Phasen (Sol- und Gelphase) untersucht. Zur summarischen Beschreibung der Auftrennung dienten die Verhältnisse der STAUDINGER-indices vom Polymeren im Sol bzw. im Gel zum STAUDINGERindex der Aasgangsprobe in Abhängigkeit vom Gewicntsverhältnis des Polymeren in den beiden Phasen. Das Trennergebnis war in einer einfachen Flüssigkeit (Cyclohexan) und in einem Mischlösungsmittel (Benzol-Äthanol) prinzipiell gleichartig. Die Bestimmung der Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Ausgangsprobe sowie des Polymeren im Sol bzw. Gel mit Hilfe der Methode von BAKER und WILLIAMS ermöglichte es, die Verteilung der einzelnen Polymerhomologen zwischen den beiden Phasen in Abhängigkeit von der Kettentänge zu untersuchen. Für das Verhältnis deß Konzentration eines bestimmten Polymerisationsgrades P in der Solphase (cp) zu derjenigen in der Gelphase (c′P) wird experimentell eine lineare Abhängigkeit des ln (cp/c′P) von P erhalßen. Dieses Ergebnis wird auf der Grandlage der Theorie der Lösungen von Hochpolymeren diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1967.021080122
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