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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-precision, variable-pressure magnetic float densimeter (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 173-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: High pressure ; float densimeter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple, versatile, magnetic float densimeter that can be used at high pressures (1200 bars) to measure the density of liquids is described. The system has been calibrated with water at 25°C from 1 to 1200 bars, demonstrating a sensitivity of 0.5 ppm and a precision of 11 ppm. The accuracy of the densimeter has been verified by measuring the densities of NaCl solutions at 25°C and from 1 to 1200 bars. Excellent agreement with previously published data was achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01028453
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Densities and compressibilities of aqueous sodium carbonate and bicarbonate from 0 to 45°C (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 12 (1983), S. 233-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: density ; sound speed ; compressibility ; partial molal volume ; NaHCO3 ; Na2CO3 ; carbonic acid ; ionization ; pressure effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities and the sound speeds of aqueous NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions were measured from 0.05 to 1.0m and from 0 to 45°C. These data were fitted to functions of molality and temperature and were used to calculate the apparent molal volumes Vϕ and compressibilites κφ of these solutions. Polynomial expression for Vϕ and κφ as functions of molality and temperature have been determined. The partial molal volumes and compressibilities of these solutions and literature data have been used to determine the volume ΔV and compressibility Δκ changes for the ionization of carbonic acid in aqueous solutions. These values of ΔV and Δκ have been used to estimate the effect of pressure on the ionization constants for carbonic acid from 0 to 45°C. The calculated pressure coefficients are in good agreement with the measured values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646199
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes: V. Densities and apparent molal volumes of the four major sea salts from dilute solution to saturation and from 0 to 100°C (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 989-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Densities ; partial molal volumes ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4 ; Pitzer theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities of the major sea salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4) have been measured from 25 to 95°C and to saturation. These results have been combined with literature data and fitted to equations of the form $$\Delta d = Am{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Bm^{3/2} {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Cm^2 {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Dm^{5/2} $$ where Δd=d−do (do is the density of water) and A, B, and C, etc., are polynomial functions of temperature. The standard deviations of the fits were better than ±50×10−6 g-cm−3 for all the salts from 0 to 95°C and to saturation. The apparent molal volumes Vϕ of the salts have been fitted to the equations of Pitzer. The infinite dilution values of Vϕ were in good agreement with literature data, provided the results were not overfit. The large deviations of Vϕ for MgSO4 from additivity as a function of concentration were attributed to the formation of MgSO4 ion pairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645194
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The partial molal volume and compressibility change for the formation of the calcium sulfate ion pair at 25°C (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 6 (1977), S. 269-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Calcium sulfate ; molal volume and compressibility ; ion pair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The apparent molal volumes (φv) and compressibilities (φK) of CaSO4 solutions have been determined at 25°C from precise density and sound-speed measurements. The large deviations of the values of φv and φK from the limiting law and various additivity estimates for the free ions (Ca2+, SO 4 2− ) have been used to estimate the partial molal volume ( $$\Delta \bar V^\circ $$ ) and compressibility ( $$\Delta \bar K^\circ $$ ) for the formation of the CaSO 4 0 ion pair. Values of $$\Delta \bar V^\circ $$ = 25 ± 3 cm3-mole−1 and $$\Delta \bar K^\circ $$ = (54±21)×10−4 cm3-mole−1-bar−1 were found. Since these values are larger than the value for the formation of MgSO 4 0 , the results indicate that more inner-sphere ion pairs are formed when SO 4 2− complexes with Ca2+ than with Mg2+. Using a simple model for ion-water interactions, the percent of inner-sphere or contact ion pairs in CaSO4 solutions is estimated to be 36 to 37%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645458
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionization of carbonic acid in sodium chloride solutions at 25°C (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 11 (1982), S. 447-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Carbonic acid ; concentrated aqueous solutions ; ionization constants ; Pitzer's equations ; activity coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stoichiometric pK 1 * and pK 2 * for the ionization of carbonic acid has been determined from emf measurements in NaCl soluions to 6.0m at 25°C. Our results at low concentrations are in good agreement with the results of Harned and Bonner, of Dyrssen and Hansson and of Roy et al. The calculated values of pK 1 * using Pitzer's equations agree with the measured values to ±0.01 pK units provided higher order terms are used. It was necessary to use a triplet interaction parameter (ψ) and higher order electrostatic terms (Eθ) to calculate reliable values of pK 2 * (±0.03 pK units) over the entire concentration range. These results demonstrate the reliability of the Pitzer equations to estimate activity coefficients in concentrated salt solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647107
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat capacities of concentrated multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions at various temperatures (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 635-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Specific and apparent molar heat capacities ; multicomponent aqueous solutions ; mixed solutions ; NaCl ; KCl ; MgCl2 ; CaCl2 ; Young's rule ; flow calorimetry ; artificial Dead Sea waters ; brines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specific heat capacities of the aqueous multicomponent system NaCl +KCl+MgCl2+CaCl2 with ionic strength between 8.3 and 9.6 (resembling Dead Sea waters) were measured between 15°C and 45°C. The obtained data were fitted to an empirical equation as a function of concentration and temperature. The thermodynamic functions of the studied multicomponent system were found to be strongly influenced by changes in MgCl2 concentrations. The application of Young's rule to such concentrated systems was checked at 25°C. The calculated (by Young's rule) specific heat capacitiesC p and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ of these multicomponent electrolyte solutions were in reasonable agreement with the measured values (−0.008 J-g−1-K−1 and −2.6 J-mol−1-K−1, respectively).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00650758
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic properties of transition metals in aqueous solution. 2. The enthalpies of mixing of aqueous solutions of CoCl2, CuCl2, and MnCl2 with NaCl at varying ionic strength at 25°C (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Transition metals ; CoCl2 ; CuCl2 ; MnCl2 ; enthalpy of mixing ; Pitzer's equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Enthalpies of mixing (Δm H) aqueous solutions of CoCl2, CuCl2, and MnCl2 with NaCl solutions were measured at constant ionic strengths of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 molal at 25°C. The excess enthalpy equations of Pitzer were then fit to the resulting Δm H data. The resulting parameters are the temperature derivatives of the activity coefficient mixing parameters in the Pitzer system. The heat of mixing data for CoCl2 and CuCl2 were in agreement with earlier isomolal results by other workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00649243
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated electrolytes. VI. The speed of sound and apparent molal compressibilities of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions from 0 to 100°C (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 16 (1987), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sound speeds ; compressibilities ; partial molal compressibilities ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4 ; Pitzer theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sound velocities of aqueous NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions were measured from 25 to 95°C in 10o intervals from dilute to saturated solutions. The results were combined with our earlier data and fitted to functions of molality and temperature to within ±0.4 m-sec−1. The adiabatic compressibilities βS were calculated from sound speeds and used to calculate the adiabatic apparent molal compressibilities ξφ. Isothermal compressibilities β and isothermal apparent molal compressibilities χφ were calculated from βS using literature values for the expansibilities and heat capacities. The values of χφ were extrapolated to infinite dilution using the Debye-Huckel limiting law to determine partial molal compressibilities. The apparent molal compressibilities were fitted to Pitzer's equations. The Pitzer parameters for the concentration dependence of χφ were determined as a function of temperature. Correlations of χφ and Vφ at various temperatures were found for the electrolytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646119
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidation of Cu(I) in electrolyte solutions (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 17 (1988), S. 581-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Copper ; oxidation ; NaCl solutions ; ionic strength ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of oxidation of Cu(I) in air saturated solutions was measured as a function of pH, temperature (5–45°C), and ionic strength (0.5 to 6m) in NaCl and NaCl−NaClO4 solutions. In pure NaCl solutions, the effect of pH is independent of ionic strength and temperature. The overall rate constant is given by logk=12.32+0.12(pH)−2064/T−3.69I1/2+ 0.73I The energy of activitation was 39±2 kJ-mol−1 and is independent of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1, 3 and 6m) in NaCl−NaClO4 mixtures the Cl− dependence of the rates is attributed to the oxidation of the various forms of Cu(I) in the solution. The rate constants for the oxidation of the various species are found to be functions of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1) in NaCl−NaClO4 solutions, the effect of temperature is independent of the chloride concentration. The effect of Mg2+ and HCO 3 − on the oxidation rate was determined as a function of chloride concentration (1 to 6m) at 25°C and pH=8. The addition of Mg2+ causes the rate to decrease and the addition of HCO 3 − causes the rate to increase. The possible causes of these effects are discussed. Empirical equations for the rate of oxidation of Cu(I) in Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3 solutions as a function of composition are used to make reliable estimates of the oxidation in seawater and Red Sea waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651464
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume changes for mixing the major sea salts: Equations valid to ionic strength 3.0 and temperature 95°C (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 18 (1989), S. 1007-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sea salts ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgSO4 ; MgCl2 ; volumes of mixing ; densities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Equations in the ion-interaction (Pitzer) system are derived for the volume change on mixing any combination of the sea salts NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, MgCl2 at constant ionic strenth. For these mixings of different charge types, the equations include complex differences of pure electrolyte terms. Recently measured data for each of the pure electrolytes provide these pure electrolyte terms. Other recent measurements on the volume change on mixing are compared with values calculated from the equations. At 25°C there is no need to introduce the mixing terms based on differences in the interactions of ions of the same sign. At other temperatures, the agreement without the mixing terms is good, but significant improvement is obtained by inclusion of the binary mixing terms θCl,SO 4 v and θ Na,Mg v . The equations and parameters can then predict the volumetric properties of any mixed solution of these salts over the range 0–100°C and to at least 3 mol-kg−1 ionic strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647260
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