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  • Springer  (64)
  • American Geophysical Union  (4)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 2005-2009  (45)
  • 1980-1984  (23)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The results presented deal with the humoral immune response of golden hamsters to primary experimental infection withD. dendriticum. The development of serum antibodies has been comparatively investigated with three hamster groups (n=43) harbouring different burdens of adult flukes. The mean numbers of parasites were 11, 30, or 130 per animal. Serum antibody response was studied during an observation period of at least 331 and up to 496 days postinfection. For antibody detection the sensitivities of precipitation tests (PTs) (double diffusion test, immuno- and counterimmunoelectrophoresis), of the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT), the complement fixation test (CFT), and the enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) were compared using aqueous crude fluke antigen and crude egg antigen. CFT and ELISA were most sensitive for the early detection of initial response. Thereafter all the tests employed revealed increasing antibody titres, which in general remained at constant levels and persisted until the end of the observation period with the exception of CF-antibodies. In general fluke antigen was found to be more sensitive than egg antigen. However, in CFT this antigen occasionally has been associated with unspecific inhibition of haemolysis. Comparison of the results shows that ELISA using crude fluke antigen gave the most realistic picture of the actual fluke burden. Also preliminary results on the precipitin response of rabbits (n=3) after primary experimental exposure to different numbers of metacercariae (500, 1,000, and 3,000 per animal respectively) are reported. Employing the above mentioned PTs a persisting antibody response could be demonstrated only after exposure to at least 3,000 infective larvae. The initial response was found on day 63, the observation period was 550 days.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Röntgenbestrahlung embryonierterCapillaria hepatica-Eier mit 0.5, 1 bzw. 2 Krd war bei den aus den Eilarven nach Infektion vonMastomys natalensis hervorgegangenen weiblichen Nematoden die Eiproduktion zunehmend reduziert. Sie unterblieb nach Bestrahlung mit 3, 4, 5, 10, 30, 50 bzw. 70 Krd. Die Leberinvasionsfähigkeit der Parasiten war nicht beeinträchtigt. Die Infektion vonM. natalensis mit unbestrahlten embryonierten Eiern führte bereits zwischen dem 6. und 8. Tag p.i. zu einem Anstieg der Serum-GLDH-Aktivitäten. Er erreichte in dieser Phase der Infektion die Höchstwerte. Hohe Werte wurden auch nach Beginn der Patenz festgestellt. Die erhöhte Aktivität hielt bis zum Versuchsende am 36. Tag p.i. an. Nach Infektion mit 2,2 bzw. 5 Krd bestrahlten Eiern waren die Aktivitätserhöhungen geringer und traten im Verlauf der Infektion mit 5 Krd bestrahlten Eiern auch verzögert auf. Nach Infektion mit unbestrahlten Eiern ließen sich im indirekten Hämagglutinationstest mit wässrigem Antigenextrakt aus nicht embryonierten Eiern die ersten Antikörper bereits 1 Woche p.i. nachweisen. Die Höchsttiter traten mit Beginn der Patenz auf. Nach anschließendem fast plateauartigem Verlauf setzte etwa mit Beendigung der Eiproduktion ungefähr um die 7. Woche p.i. ein kontinuierlicher Titerabfall ein. Der Antikörpernachweis gelang jedoch bis zum Versuchsende 17 Wochen p.i. — Nach Infektionen mit 2,2 bzw. 5 Krd bestrahlten Eiern gelang der Antikörpernachweis erst später. Die erreichten Höchsttiter waren geringfügig (2,2 Krd) bzw. auffällig (5 Krd) niedriger. Der anschließende Titerabfall führte zur Annäherung an die Werte nicht infizierterM. natalensis. Die Ergebnisse werden vergleichend mit an anderer Stelle mitgeteilten Befunden zur Leberpathohistologie der Capillariasis diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract X-ray irradiation of embryonatedCapillaria hepatica eggs using 0.5, 1, or 2 Krd resulted in a progressive decrease of egg production of the female nematodes which had developed from irradiated first stage larvae inMastomys natalensis. Egg production did not occur after irradiation with 3, 4, 5, 10, 30, 50, or 70 Krd. The capacity of the parasites to invade the liver was not influenced. Infection ofM. natalensis using unirradiated eggs was followed by an increase of serum-GLDH-activities between days 6 and 8 post infection reaching maximum values in this period of infection. Furthermore high values have been determined after the beginning of patency. Increased activity persisted up to the end of the experiment on day 36 post infection. After infection with eggs which had received 2.2 or 5 Krd the increase of serum-GLDH-activities was decreased and occurred later in the course of infection using 5 Krd irradiated eggs. Antibodies could be demonstrated as early as one week after infection with unirradiated eggs. Employing the indirect haemagglutination test, using an aqueous extract from non-embryonated eggs as antigen, maximum titres occurred at the beginning of patency. After a nearly plateau-like course titres began to drop about 7 weeks p.i., i.e. about the end of egg production by the female worms, but antibodies were still detectable 17 weeks p.i. (end of the observation period). After infection with eggs which had received 2.2 or 5 Krd antibody development was delayed. Maximum titres were some-what (2.2 Krd) or markedly (5 Krd) lower. Thereafter titres dropped to values comparable to those of uninfectedM. natalensis. The results are compared with published reports on the pathohistology of capillariasis.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichens ; Rhizocarpon effiguratum ; Rhizocarpon norvegicum ; Rhizocarpon pusillum ; Rhizocarpon superficiale ; Depsides ; depsidones ; pulvinic acid derivatives ; chemotaxonomy ; high performance liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The secondary lichen products of 31 specimens of theRhizocarpon superficiale group are examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 260 nm 13 different compounds have been detected. 6 of them are well-known lichen acids which occur in nearly all the species; but proportions are different and constant for each species. An analytical key is added.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Crude aqueousLitomosoides carinii adult worm extract was used as antigen for the detection of antibodies in sera from African patients with proven onchocerciasis (n=45) resident in rural endemic areas of Togo and Sierra Leone. In 71% of cases this extract was found to produce 1 to 5 precipitation arcs in immunoelectrophoresis. Using a crude aqueous extract from adultOnchocerca volvulus, precipitation tests were positive in 75% of cases. The complexity of theL. carinii curde extract was shown by PAG-disc electrophoresis, PAG-electrofocusing, immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis with the appropriate rabbit-antiserum. An antigen detecting onchocercal antibodies was isolated by two step preparative flat bed electrofocusing in granulated gel (PEGG). The antigen (pI 6.55, molecular weight 55 to 60 kd as estimated by SDS-PAG electrophoresis) was very suitable for antibody demonstration in double diffusion test and immunoelectrophoresis. Preliminary controls for specificity were performed by diffusing the antigen against sera from human and animal helminthoses including filarial infections. In contrast to the crudeL. carinii extract no reaction was observed with sera from helminthic infections others than filariasis.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Capillaria hepatica ; X-ray attenuation ; Immunization ; Capillaria hepatica ; Röntgenstrahlenaltenuierung ; Immunisierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Erstinfektionen mit embryonierten Eiern, von röntgenattenuierten Stadien, von nicht embryonierten Eiern und löslichen Eiextrakten auf Belastungsinfektionen mitCapillaria hepatica wurde untersucht. Die Reproduktivität einer Wurmpopulation aus einer subletalen Belastungsinfektion wurde inMastomys natalensis durch eine 11 Tage vorher gesetzte Erstinfektion mit 50, 150, 400 oder 800 embryonierten Eiern/Tier signifikant reduziert. Ein signifikanter Einfluß von röntgenattenuierten, infektiösen Eiern bzw. von intraperitoneal injizierten, nicht embryonierten Eiern (bei steigenden Dosen über 10 Tage wurde die Eiproduktion normaler Infektionen simuliert) beschränkte sich auf schwache (50 Eier/Tier) Belasnungsinfektionen. Die Kombination attenuierten Infektionsmaterials mit nicht embryonierten Eiern i.p. führte zu keiner gesteigerten Wirkung. In Albinomäusen ließ sich durch vorherige, wiederholte subkutane Injektion von löslichen Eiextrakten die Eiproduktion einer mittleren Belastungsinfektion bis zum 60. Tag p.i. hochsignifikant reduzieren. Die durch Infektionsdosen von 230 embryonierten Eiern/g Körpergewicht beiM. natalensis zwischen dem 20. und 35. Tag p.i. 100% erreichende Mortalität ließ sich durch vorherige Applikation von 50, 150, 400 und 800 Eiern/Tier bei nach 36 und 52 Tagen gesetzten Belastungsinfektionen auf 0–30% reduzieren. Bei Verwendung attenuierten Infektionsmaterials war für einen 70–80% igen Schutz eine wiederholte Vakzinierung notwendig. Die intraperitoneale Injektion von nicht embryonierten Eiern führte bei 40% der Tiere zu einem Schutz. Der Eintritt des Todes verzögerte sich i.d.R. bei vorbehandelten Tieren.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of primary infections with embryonated infective eggs or with X-irradiated infective eggs, and of non-embryonated eggs, and egg homogenate extracts on challenge infections withCapillaria hepatica was investigated. The worm reproductivity was significantly suppressed in a sublethal challenge infection given 11 days after a primary infection ofMastomys natalensis with 50, 150, 400, and 800 eggs per animal. The administration of 600 X-irradiated (2.2 Krd) embryonated eggs 36 days before challenge as well as an intraperitoneal injection of non-embryonated eggs 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 days before challenge (simulating the egg production of a normal infection) also reduced significantly the egg production of a weak (50 eggs/animal) infection. No effect was observed on a moderate challenge (300 eggs/animal). The effect was not markedly enhanced by the repeated administration of X-irradiated eggs or by the combination of X-irradiated infective eggs and non-embryonated eggs. Immunization of mice with soluble egg extracts resulted in significant reduction of egg production determined 60 days after challenge. Two hundred and thirty eggs ofC. hepatica/g bodyweight proved to be a lethal infection dose forM. natalensis. The animals died between 20 and 35 days after infection. After single infections with 50, 150, 400, or 800 eggs per animal the mortality ofMastomys challenged 36 or 52 days later was reduced to 0–30%. Using X-irradiated embryonated eggs for immunization only repeated administration led to protection in 70 to 80% of the animals. About 40% of the animals could be protected by the intraperitoneal injection of non-embryonated eggs. If death occurred it was delayed. The combination of X-irradiated stages and eggs did not enhance the protection.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-09-01
    Print ISSN: 1430-483X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1165
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1386-6184
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1987
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-09-26
    Print ISSN: 0009-5893
    Electronic ISSN: 1612-1112
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-640X
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-946X
    Topics: Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1983-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-640X
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-946X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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