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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (47)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (47)
  • 1961  (47)
Sammlung
Schlagwörter
Verlag/Herausgeber
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (47)
Jahr
  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inter- and intramolecular order in regenerated cellulose (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 676-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Cellulose was regenerated from technical viscose as bulk gels and thin films (never dried) and then conditioned by repeated swelling with sodium hydroxide solutions and steam treatments. These extraction and conditioning treatments of the gels increased the crystallinity and decreased the accessibility to water as measured by x-ray, infrared, and density measurements. The density of the gels increased more during these treatments than one would expect from the increase in crystallinity as measured from x-ray diffraction. Supported by the combined density, infrared, and D2O-exchange data, this was taken as evidence that the conditioning also gives a closer packing or an increased order in the so-called amorphous regions. Both steam-conditioning and drying decreased the accessibility of thin films as measured by a combination of infrared analysis and swelling with sodium deuteroxide solutions in heavy water (NaOD in D2O). Reports in the literature that regenerated cellulose is completely accessible in dilute aqueous alkali solutions (about 1%) have not been verified. The intensity ratios of the different infrared absorption bands were measured during the gradual swelling and exchange with NaOD of increasing concentrations from 1 to 16% in D2O. The few data available now seem to indicate that hydroxyl groups assigned to intrachain hydrogen bonds in crystalline regions are more resistant to deuterium exchange than hydroxyl groups assigned to interchain hydrogen bonds. Based on these studies the concepts of crystallinity, order, and accessibility to water and swelling agents for regenerated cellulose are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051810
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nonaqueous fluid xanthation of alkali cellulose (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 624-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Xanthation can be accomplished by slurrying the alkali cellulose in an organic liquid chosen to be miscible with carbon disulfide, immiscible with water, and a nonsolvent for sodium hydroxide, alkali cellulose, cellulose xanthate, and other components of viscose. Straight-chain hydrocarbons, such as n-hexane and n-heptane, satisfy these requirements and function very well. A viscose preparation system using this method of xanthation would consist of a slurry step wherein the alkali cellulose and carbon disulfide are reacted in the selected organic liquid, a filtering step to remove the xanthate from the liquid, and a mixing operation to dissolve the xanthate in weak alkali to produce viscose. Because of the near-perfect distribution of carbon disulfide throughout the reaction, this method of xanthation produces filterable viscoses a t very low degree of substitution. It is also possible to produce viscose of identical composition at widely different process conditions by various combinations of temperature, reaction time, and carbon disulfide concentration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051802
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The retardation of drop breakup in high-velocity airstreams by polymeric modifiers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Investigations are being conducted on the factors involved in the breakup of Newtonian and non-Newtonian (viscoelastic) liquids in high velocity airstreams. Viscoelastic solutions are formed by the addition of small amounts of polymeric modifiers to the test liquid. The mechanism of breakup is shown to be significantly different between the thickened and unthickened solutions. It was found that Newtonian liquid drops are broken into very fine particles by a breakup mechanism which begins with a stripping of the liquid from the surface of the drop. On the other hand, drops of non-Newtonian liquids break up by formation of ligaments rather than by surface stripping and are broken into much larger particles. An increase in viscosity by a factor of 25 in the Newtonian liquids showed no significant change in the breakup mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051301
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The infrared identification of short-chain branches in polyolefins (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A series of polymers have been prepared that contain ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl branches. We have determined the rocking vibrations of the branches and have shown that branches in solid polymers have their rocking vibrations at frequencies comparable with those shown by liquid hydrocarbons. The ethyl branches in seven different polymers have infrared absorption bands in the 785-760 cm. -1 (12.74-13.18 μ) region. The terminal n-propyl group absorbs at 740 cm.-1 (13.51 μ) and the n-propyl branch at 735 cm.-1 (13.61 μ). The n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl branches in polymers have their infrared absorption at 724 cm.-1 (13.81 μ), 723 cm.-1 (13.83 μ) and 722 cm.-1 (13.85 μ), respectively. The above data have been used to identify ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl branches in polymers produced by the cationic polymerization of propylene and l-butene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051501
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Detection of modifiers in natural materials by catalyzed polymerization of styrene (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It was determined by dilatometry that the addition of certain natural materials, i.e., gilsonite, the asphaltene and resin fractions derived therefrom, the Wilmington crude oil, to a bulk styrene polymerization at 86.6°C. catalyzed by benzoyl peroxide modified the rate of reaction. At higher concentrations a period of inhibition was observed followed by retarded rates of polymerization. At lower concentrations an initial acceleration occurred, followed by retarded rates of polymerization. The reaction media with smaller amounts of gilsonite or with the asphaltene fraction became appreciably more viscous with time and in extreme cases changed to a gel; under the same conditions the control system or runs with larger amounts of additives underwent much lesser changes in viscosity. The effect of addition of a metal porphyrin, nickel protoporphyrin IX, was also studied since this type of compound is present in these natural materials. No modification in the polymerization rate was observed. Plots of retarded polymerization rates, observed after initial inhibition or acceleration, versus initial concentration of the several natural additives provided straight lines similar to the relationship found previously for certain synthetic additives. It is proposed that inhibition and acceleration involve natural free radicals in the additives. Gel formation is assumed to result from crosslinking of the polystyrene chains occurring only when natural free radicals and those modifier molecules responsible for retardation are largely spent.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051701
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the mechanism of ionizing radiation damage in SBR elastomersPresented at the 6th Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Conference on Elastomer Research and Development, Boston, October 19, 1960.This investigation was supported by the Bureau of Ships, Washington, D. C.The opinions or assertions contained in this paper are the authors' and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service at large. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 501-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Studies were made to provide information for use in the development of SBR elastomers with improved resistance to attack by high energy radiation. Changes of molecular structure were investigated by viscometric techniques and by measuring gel content. Chemical changes were followed by use of infrared spectrophotometry. Results indicate that the polymer in toluene, when subjected to radiation doses in the range 0-100 Mrep, is randomly scissioned. When similarly treated in chloroform, the polymer is initially randomly crosslinked and then the newly formed elastomer network undergoes random scission. The nature of the end chemical changes is shown to depend on environmental factors. In the presence of a limited supply of oxygen, the polymer is partially oxidized. The oxidation reaction appears to have no influence, however, on the random nature of the degradation process. The external butadiene structures are shown to be attacked more rapidly than the internal groups. The phenyl rings of the styrene groups in the polymer molecules, on the other hand, are only moderately affected in this respect. The results obtained in these solution studies are used to predict the effects of radiation damage to SBR vulcanizates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051702
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A study of the fluorescence of cellulosic polymers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 534-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A spectrophotofluorometer, suitably modified for use with plastics films, was used to study a series of cellulosic polymer films. The chemical structure of the films was found to be related to the wavelength and intensity of the fluorescence emission spectra. Saturated aliphatic esters and ethers were found to possess strong fluorescence maxima at about 350 mμ. Cellulose nitrate exhibits very weak fluorescence at 310 mμ, and a moderate fluorescence maximum appears at 440 mμ for cellulose derivatives containing double bonds or carboxyl groups. A series of experiments is described in which the modification of chemical structure was followed by measuring changes in fluorescence spectra.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051706
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Der Einfluß einiger Kolloide auf die Korrosion von Messing in Äpfelsäure und Ammoniumchlorid (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 277-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The influence of some colloids on the corrosion of brassThe influence of gelatin, pulvis acacia, dextrin, agar, egg albumen and potato starch on the corrosion of α and α/β brass in malic acid and ammonium chloride is investigated. The effects of the additives differ greatly as they are liable either to promote or inhibit the overall attack as well as the dezincking. This behaviour is governed by whether the added substance is cathodically or anodically adsorbed, i.e., forms a film, or whether it forms soluble complexes with the metal. As the type of brass also plays a part, and the de-zincking process may be governed by different mechanisms, it is difficult to find inhibitors which inhibit the overall corrosion attack as well as the de-zincking process. One possible solution might lie in the use of inhibitor blends.
    Notizen: Der Einfluß von Gelatine, pulvis acacia, Dextrin, Agar, Ei-Albumin und Kartoffelstärke auf die Korrosion von α- und α/β-Messing in Äpfelsäure und Ammoniumchlorid wird untersucht. Die Wirkung der Zusätze ist sehr unterschiedlich, denn sie können sowohl den Gesamtangriff als auch die Entzinkung verstärken oder auch hemmen. Entscheidend hierfür ist, ob die zugesetzte Substanz kathodisch oder anodisch adsorbiert wird, also filmbildend ist, oder ob sie mit dem Metall lösliche Komplexe bildet. Da auch der Messingtyp eine Rolle spielt und die Entzinkung nach verschiedenen Mechanismen ablaufen kann, ergibt sich im Endeffekt die Schwierigkeit, Inhibitoren zue finden, welche gleichzeitig den Allgemeinangriff und die Entzinkung hemmen. Eine Möglichkeit könnte in der Verwendung von Inhibitorgemischen liegen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120503
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polymerization of phenyl-substituted butadienes by metal alkyl catalysts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 49 (1961), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Heterogeneous Ziegler-type catalysts polymerize 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene to form low molecular weight polymers. The polymer prepared with a 3:1 catalyst ratio of aluminum triisobutyl to titanium tetrachloride contains 80-90% cis-1,4-units and the polymer formed by the 1:1 catalyst has 60-70% cis-1,4-structure. No trans-1,4- or 3,4-units are found in any of the polymer samples and the remaining unsaturation is attributed to 1,2-polymerization. Both Ziegler-type catalysts and butyllithium are ineffective for the polymerization of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1961.1204915223
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polymerization of 1-cyclopentene-1-carbonitrile (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 51 (1961), S. S68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1961.1205115638
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