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  • 2000-2004  (262)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diamond-like carbon films as electron-injection layer in organic light emitting diodes (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 2437-2439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this letter a thin film of diamond-like carbon (DLC) deposited by pulse laser deposition (PLD) is used as an electron injection layer in organic light emitting diodes. The heterojunction structures of these devices consist of: indium tin oxide (ITO)/conducting polymer/DLC/nickel, or ITO/DLC/P3OT/Pt. Poly(3-octylthiophene) conjugated polymer (P3OT) is used as the emission layer. In all the realized diodes, the current is two orders of magnitude larger than in the conventional ITO/P3OT/aluminum structure, and the driving voltage is drastically reduced. However, the light emission is observed only in the ITO/DLC/P3OT/Pt structure. These results can be interpreted in terms of a highly efficient electron injection from the DLC into the conducting polymer and a DLC/P3OT interface. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1367900
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low driving voltages and memory effect in organic thin-film transistors with a ferroelectric gate insulator (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 659-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this letter, two organic thin-film transistors with SiO2 and ferroelectric PbZrTiO3 (PZT) gate insulator are compared. The fabrication of the devices is described and their electrical properties estimated. The PZT-based devices show better performance: Low driving voltage, high Ion/Ioff ratio, etc. Moreover, a memory effect is reported in correlation with ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1379059
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of silicon islands on a silicon on insulator substrate upon thermal annealing (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3271-3273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Starting from silicon on insulator substrates, we show that a thermal treatment (in the 600–900 °C range) induces the creation of silicon islands. To characterize the island formation as well as the initial silicon layer thickness, we use in situ Auger electron spectroscopy analysis in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The island size and density are studied with an ex situ atomic force microscope. We show that the formation temperature of the islands increases from 575 to 875 °C as the initial silicon layer thickness increases from 1 to 19 nm. For the 1 nm thickness, the minimum island size is reached (semispherical shape with a 16 nm diameter). The phenomena involved in the island formation are discussed and the study of the variations of the calculated stress tensor (IMPACT software) as a function of the thermal treatment explain the behavior of the top silicon layer. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126603
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic force microscope tip-surface behavior under continuous bias or pulsed voltages in noncontact mode (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1018-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The atomic force microscope is now widely used to oxidize a silicon surface with a continuous bias or pulsed voltages applied between the tip and the silicon surface. The aim of this letter is to study the induced electrostatic effect on the cantilever oscillation in noncontact mode when pulsed voltages are used for nanooxidation. Depending on the relative amplitudes between electrostatic and mechanical excitations, and also on the phase between the pulsed voltages and the mechanical excitation, the cantilever response can dramatically vary. We focus on the details of controlling the feedback loop and exposure conditions in noncontact mode. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125925
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lignification and structural biomass production in tobacco with suppressed caffeic/5-hydroxy ferulic acid-O-methyl transferase activity under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 121 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To investigate the relationship between growth, biomass partitioning and lignification we used tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in which O-methyl transferase (OMT) activity, an enzyme involved in the pathway of sinapyl alcohol formation for lignin synthesis, was suppressed by antisense transformation. To modulate growth, controls and transformed tobacco plants were grown under ambient (approximately 380 p.p.m) or elevated CO2 (700 p.p.m), respectively. Lignin concentrations and composition were determined with spectrophotometric methods (thioglycolate and acetyl bromide) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. A comparison of the thioglycolate and acetylbromide method suggested that the thioglycolate method was sensitive to changes in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G)-ratio in lignin and therefore not suitable for quantification in tissues with altered lignin composition. Growth under elevated CO2 increased leaf and stem biomass of both genotypes by 40 and 20%, respectively, compared with ambient CO2 and had no effect on root biomass. OMT suppression did not affect lignin concentrations in the leaves but caused a shift in biomass partitioning from the structural to the non-structural fraction. Elevated CO2 caused a shift towards production of structural compounds resulting in decreased foliar lignin concentrations and indicating that the lignin/structural mass ratio is flexible in leaves. By contrast, the lignin concentrations of stems were unaffected by elevated CO2 or OMT suppression and increased about three-fold from the apex to the base. Antisense-OMT plants produced more stem biomass than controls but showed no changes of the relative partitioning of biomass to the different pools. This indicates that the metabolic control of carbon fluxes to the production of structural versus non-structural fractions is tighter in stems than in leaves. FTIR spectroscopy indicated a relative increase in guaiacyl- as compared with syringyl-units in antisense-OMT tobacco, which was more pronounced under elevated as compared with ambient CO2. Since there was no evidence for decreased lignin concentrations in the antisense-OMT plants but increased biomass formation we suggest that less methylated lignins are ‘cheaper’ in biosynthetic carbon and energy demand and, thus, may enable plants to allocate increased resources to growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.00297.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HIV-1 genetic diversity in Western Brittany, France (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 34 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity in Western Brittany, France, and trace the dissemination of HIV-1 non-B subtype infection. The strategy for HIV-1 subtyping used involved subtype specific enzyme immunoassays, heteroduplex mobility assays and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of env encoding the V3 loop region. Samples were obtained from 567 patients: 465 (82%) were of subtype B and 66 (11.6%) were not (20 were subtype A, 11 subtype C, four subtype D, seven subtype F, five subtype G and 19 others with circulating recombinant forms: 4CRF01_AE, 11CRF02_AG, 1H, 3CRF11_cpx). These findings are consistent with other studies of French populations. There is an epidemiological correlation between subtype B and homosexual or heterosexual contamination in France and between non-B subtype and heterosexual contamination in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00604.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homozygosity at the MTL locus in clinical strains of Candida albicans: karyotypic rearrangements and tetraploid formation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 52 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: One hundred and twenty Candida albicans clinical isolates from the late 1980s and early 1990s were examined for homozygosity at the MTL locus. Of these, 108 were heterozygous (MTLa/MTLα), whereas seven were MTLa and five were MTLα. Five of the homozygous isolates were able to switch to the opaque cell morphology, while opaque cells were not detectable among the remaining seven. Nevertheless, all but one of the isolates homozygous at the MTL locus were shown to mate and to yield cells containing markers from both parents; the non-mater was found to have a frameshift in the MTLα1 gene. In contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans homozygotes with no active MTL allele failed to mate rather than mating as a cells. There was no correlation between homozygosity and fluconazole resistance, mating and fluconazole resistance or switching and fluconazole resistance, in part because most of the strains were isolated before the widespread use of this antifungal agent, and only three were in fact drug resistant. Ten of the 12 homozygotes had rearranged karyotypes involving one or more homologue of chromosomes 4, 5, 6 and 7. We suggest that karyotypic rearrangement, drug resistance and homozygosity come about as the result of induction of hyper-recombination during the infection process; hence, they tend to occur together, but each is the independent result of the same event. Furthermore, as clinical strains can mate and form tetraploids, mating and marker exchange are likely to be a significant part of the life cycle of C. albicans in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04068.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planar faults in layered Bi-containing perovskites studied by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 699-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Profile fitting procedures associated with integral breadth studies and Fourier analysis are applied to the study of the complex Bi-containing layered perovskite SrBi2Nb2O9. Strong line broadening anisotropy is evidenced. Both `size' and `strain' effects contribute to the observed width. However, `size' broadening along the [00l] direction is essentially caused by stacking faults. The coherently diffracting domain sizes are deduced from Fourier analysis of the diffraction patterns and a rough estimate of the mean distance between faults is given. Thermal annealing significantly decreases the stacking fault density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889801011700
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural analysis of pyrrolidinones (2000)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 193-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the course of a study on pyrrolidinones, the crystal structures of four compounds, namely, methyl N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyroglutamate, C23H27NO7, methyl N-[naphthyl-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyroglutamate diacetyl peroxide, C26H27NO6·-0.5C4H6O4, 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,11b-tetrahydro-5H-naphtho[1,8-f,g]indolizin-3-one, C24H23NO4, and 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,5,12,12a-hexahydronaphtho[1,2-f]indolizine-3,12-dione, C25H23NO5, are presented, compared and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270199013037
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR Spectroscopy of Bone and Bone Substitutes (2000)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 192-195 (Sept. 2000), p. 759-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/45/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.192-195.759.pdf
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