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  • 2000-2004  (66)
  • 2000  (66)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle image velocimetry investigation of the flow-field of a 3D turbulent annular swirling decaying flow induced by means of a tangential inlet (2000)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 29 (2000), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been used in order to measure the three mean components and turbulence intensities of the velocity vector in a swirling decaying flow induced by a tangential inlet in an annulus. This kind of flow motion is found to be very complex, exhibiting three-dimensional and non-axisymmetric characteristics coupled with a free decay of the swirling intensity along the flow path, thereby making it difficult to study. A method allowing the measurement of the three components of the velocity flow-field with a standard PIV system with two-dimensional acquisitions, is presented. The evolution of each velocity component between the inlet and the outlet of the annulus is obtained. Furthermore, the PIV technique is extended to the measurement of turbulent characteristics such as turbulent intensities and dimensionless turbulent energy. The main characteristics of the swirling flow are discussed and the swirl number is estimated as a function of the axial distance from the tangential inlet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480000181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematic Makings of Early Stage Hydrogeologic Conceptual Models (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 38 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Techniques to obtain optimal value from existing hydrogeological information are neglected in many ground water contamination studies, resulting in great costs to the public. Data collection and routine interpretations should not be good enough for hydrogeologists, who should be inherently adept at keen early perspectives and applying useful generalizations. Techniques are available to obtain and explain expanded knowledge from piecemeal and imprecise information at the early stages of site studies. Scarcity of precise data should not be a deterrent. This needed mindset should precede the prevailing mindset of initial collection of extensive new data, followed by data interpretation and mathematical modeling. The existing mindset is often guided by rigid regulations.The procedure of interlocking the past with the present to predict the future through the systematic use of generalizations and retrodictive inferences builds a prior conceptual model explanation (PCME). This early PCME is an organized, mental picture or discernment of a hydrogeological setting displaying three-dimensional hydrogeologic features, the discernment being capable of explaining in narrative form the general fluid mechanics and contaminant behavior within imprecise but reasonable bounds. This characterization is logically followed by possible cause-and-effect relations and predictions of extended consequences of natural and human actions. A site PCME has sound support from the cross-checking of interrelated factors that leads to almost interlocking proofs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00688.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of silicon islands on a silicon on insulator substrate upon thermal annealing (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3271-3273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Starting from silicon on insulator substrates, we show that a thermal treatment (in the 600–900 °C range) induces the creation of silicon islands. To characterize the island formation as well as the initial silicon layer thickness, we use in situ Auger electron spectroscopy analysis in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The island size and density are studied with an ex situ atomic force microscope. We show that the formation temperature of the islands increases from 575 to 875 °C as the initial silicon layer thickness increases from 1 to 19 nm. For the 1 nm thickness, the minimum island size is reached (semispherical shape with a 16 nm diameter). The phenomena involved in the island formation are discussed and the study of the variations of the calculated stress tensor (IMPACT software) as a function of the thermal treatment explain the behavior of the top silicon layer. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126603
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic force microscope tip-surface behavior under continuous bias or pulsed voltages in noncontact mode (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1018-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The atomic force microscope is now widely used to oxidize a silicon surface with a continuous bias or pulsed voltages applied between the tip and the silicon surface. The aim of this letter is to study the induced electrostatic effect on the cantilever oscillation in noncontact mode when pulsed voltages are used for nanooxidation. Depending on the relative amplitudes between electrostatic and mechanical excitations, and also on the phase between the pulsed voltages and the mechanical excitation, the cantilever response can dramatically vary. We focus on the details of controlling the feedback loop and exposure conditions in noncontact mode. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125925
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural analysis of pyrrolidinones (2000)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 193-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the course of a study on pyrrolidinones, the crystal structures of four compounds, namely, methyl N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyroglutamate, C23H27NO7, methyl N-[naphthyl-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyroglutamate diacetyl peroxide, C26H27NO6·-0.5C4H6O4, 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,11b-tetrahydro-5H-naphtho[1,8-f,g]indolizin-3-one, C24H23NO4, and 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,5,12,12a-hexahydronaphtho[1,2-f]indolizine-3,12-dione, C25H23NO5, are presented, compared and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270199013037
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR Spectroscopy of Bone and Bone Substitutes (2000)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 192-195 (Sept. 2000), p. 759-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/45/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.192-195.759.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of Ni2p XPS spectra of Ni conductors and Ni insulators (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 357-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Ni-conductors ; Ni-insulators ; XPS binding energies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ni2p3/2 X-ray photoelectron spectral peak binding energies of Ni metal, NiS, and NiAs (all conductors) span a range of about 0.5 eV and are, consequently, insensitive to formal Ni oxidation state and to the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded, relative to other metals (e.g., Fe). Ni2p3/2 peak structures and binding energies reflect two energetic contributions. The major contribution is that associated with the electrostatic field produced by ejection of the Ni(2p) photoelectron, the minor contribution is the relaxation energy associated with filling unoccupied, conduction band 3d9 and 4s Ni metal orbitals. These conduction band orbitals become localized on the Ni photoion (and sometimes filled) in response to the field created by the photoemission event. Because only the core Ni2p electron and nonbonding orbitals of predominantly metallic character are affected, the main peak of all three conductors are affected similarly, leading to similar Ni2p3/2 main peak binding energies. NiO, Ni(OH)2, and NiSO4 are insulators in which Ni is divalent and is bonded to oxygen. Although Ni is bonded to oxide in these phases, Ni2p binding energies differ substantially, and reflect primarily the nature of the ligand (O2−, OH−, SO4 2−) to which Ni is bonded. The influence of the ligand is the result of charge (electron) transfer from valence band bonding orbitals of dominantly ligand character, to unoccupied conduction band orbitals localized on Ni photoions. Relaxation energy resulting from charge transfer is acquired by the emitted photoelectron, thus Ni2p3/2 photopeak binding energies of these insulators reflect the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded. The Ni2p main peak binding energy of these conductors and insulators is a poor guide to Ni oxidation states. The Ni2p3/2 binding energies of insulators reflect, however, the nature of the ligand in the first coordination sphere of Ni. The intensity of the Doniach–Sunjic contribution to Ni2p XPS spectra of NiS and NiAs is dependent on the nature of the ligand. The Doniach–Sunjic contribution to ligand XPS core-level photopeaks (e.g., S2p of NiS and As3d of NiAs) has not been explained and is poorly understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050265
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of mixing in an axisymmetric coflowing liquid jet by coupling L.D.A. to an electrochemical method (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 209-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: jet ; L.D.A. ; mixing ; polarography ; turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Local and simultaneous velocity and concentration fluctuations were analysed in an axisymmetric jet of an aqueous electrolyte solution moving in a codirectional water stream. The determination of the convection velocity of the turbulent eddies as well as correlation between axial velocity and concentration fluctuations was made possible by coupling L.D.A. to an electrochemical technique. The influence of the ratio of the coflowing stream velocity to the jet exit velocity was investigated. The mean velocity and concentration profiles, the turbulence intensity, the integral length scales relative to axial velocity and concentration were also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003921030944
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Structures and Atomistic Analysis of the Polymorphism for the ∑ = 5 (210) [001] Tilt Boundary (2000)
    Springer
    Interface science 8 (2000), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: ∑ = 5 (210) [001] tilt boundary ; structural transition ; computer simulation ; N-body potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using interatomic potentials derived from the second moment approximation of the tight-binding scheme, we study the relative stabilities for the different structures of the ∑ = 5 (210) [001] tilt boundary in Cu and Ag. Relatively to the numerous previous studies, we obtain two new structures characterised by a larger periodicity along the tilt axis. Depending on the metal and on subtle features of the potentials, we show a very significant evolution of the relative stabilities. Using a local analysis on the different sites of the grain boundary, we link the stability of a given structure to peculiar features of the interatomic potential and to physical properties of the metal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008783220877
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear spin conversion in CH F induced by an alternating electric field (2000)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 10 (2000), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: PACS. 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects, Jahn-Teller effect - 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping - 34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The nuclear spin conversion in CH3F molecules subjected to an alternating electric field was investigated experimentally. The conversion rate was found to be almost unaffected by low electric fields ( V/cm) but sharply increased tenfold when the electric field amplitude exceeds the values ( V/cm) sufficiently high to produce crossings of the ortho and para states of the molecule. A theoretical model for the molecular conversion in alternating electric field was developed. The results of the experiment were found to be in a good agreement with the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100530050529
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