ALBERT

Beschreibung: Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.

Beschreibung: SPNA transport 2020 The scientific program of the MARIA S. MERIAN MSM94 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation and the transport of water masses in the boundary current systems off Labrador and at the southwestern tip of Greenland. During the expedition we redeployed 11 moorings and recovered 1 bottom lander. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the MSM94 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity) and meteorological data are continuously collected. Flow measurements up to 1000m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCPs. Argo floats (IFREMER, BSH) and surface drifter (NOC, UK) were also deployed. The expedition is a contribution to international projects (OSNAP, Blue Action, EuroSea). The expedition was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and modifications to the science program had to be applied (e.g. Start/end-port Emden, Germany, reduced science crew and respective cut’s in data acquisition).

Beschreibung: Currently, the ocean carbon sink annually removes about a third of anthropogenic fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, reducing therefore climate change damages and CO2 abatement costs. While the land sinks have entered climate policies, the ocean sink has not—for good reasons since the former stores carbon within the boundaries of a state while the ocean removes carbon from the atmosphere rather in its property as a global common. However, the question remains what is the value of the ocean carbon sink and should it be differently attributed when comparing a coastal state with a large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) compared to landlocked state. Here, we demonstrate different approaches to value the ocean sink, comparing a climate-change damage-based approach with an abatement, market-based approach. We use a high-resolution carbon flux dataset (0.25x0.25 degree) to estimate the ocean carbon sink and source in coastal areas. We assign a net sink of 1.72 GtC proportional to countries with negative carbon fluxes in their EEZ. In our calculation the annual value of the global ocean sink ranges from 61.19 B USD (Std 31.80), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Slovenia, to 1433 B USD (Std 94.30), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Spain (World Bank data) for the abatement cost-based assessment approach (assuming full emission trading and low ambition levels in the national determined contribution) and for the climate-change damage-based assessment approach relying on an upper value of the social cost of carbon in our investigation. By breaking down the carbon sink by nations EEZ we estimate which countries are the largest donors of ocean carbon wealth and which countries would be affected the most if a weakening of the ocean sink would need to be compensated by higher emission reduction levels.

Beschreibung: The ocean carbon sink annually removes about a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, reducing climate change damage and CO2 abatement costs. While land sinks have been integrated into climate policies, the ocean sink has not—for good reason, since the former stores carbon within the boundaries of a given country, while the latter removes carbon from the atmosphere as global commons. However, the question of the value of the oceanic carbon sink remains, and how it should be attributed when comparing a coastal country with a large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) to a landlocked country. Here, we demonstrate different approaches to valuing the ocean carbon sink, comparing a climate-change-damage-based approach with an abatement-based and market-based approach. We use a high-resolution carbon flux dataset (0.25x0.25 degrees) to estimate the oceanic carbon sinks and sources in coastal areas. We assign a net sink of 1.72 GtC proportional to countries with negative carbon fluxes in their EEZs. In our calculation, the annual value of the global ocean sink ranges from 66 B USD to 1432 B USD.