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  • 1
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    The Tribolium homeotic gene Abdominal is homologous to abdominal-A of the Drosophila bithorax complex (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Abdominal gene is a member of the single homeotic complex of the beetle, Tribolium castaneum. An integrated developmental genetic and molecular analysis shows that Abdominal is homologous to the abdominal-A gene of the bithorax complex of Drosophila. abdominal-A mutant embryos display strong homeotic transformations of the anterior abdomen (parasegments 7-9) to PS6, whereas developmental commitments in the posterior abdomen depend primarily on Abdominal-B. In beetle embryos lacking Abdominal function, parasegments throughout the abdomen are transformed to PS6. This observation demonstrates the general functional significance of parasegmental expression among insects and shows that the control of determinative decisions in the posterior abdomen by homeotic selector genes has undergone considerable evolutionary modification.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Development (Cambridge, England) (ISSN 0950-1991); Volume 117; 1; 233-43
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  • 2
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    The beetle Tribolium castaneum has a fushi tarazu homolog expressed in stripes during segmentation (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The genetic control of embryonic organization is far better understood for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster than for any other metazoan. A gene hierarchy acts during oogenesis and embryogenesis to regulate the establishment of segmentation along the anterior-posterior axis, and homeotic selector genes define developmental commitments within each parasegmental unit delineated. One of the most intensively studied Drosophila segmentation genes is fushi tarazu (ftz), a pair-rule gene expressed in stripes that is important for the establishment of the parasegmental boundaries. Although ftz is flanked by homeotic selector genes conserved throughout the metazoa, there is no evidence that it was part of the ancestral homeotic complex, and it has been unclear when the gene arose and acquired a role in segmentation. We show here that the beetle Tribolium castaneum has a ftz homolog located in its Homeotic complex and expressed in a pair-rule fashion, albeit in a register differing from that of the fly gene. These and other observations demonstrate that a ftz gene preexisted the radiation of holometabolous insects and suggest that it has a role in beetle embryogenesis which differs somewhat from that described in flies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424); Volume 91; 26; 12922-6
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  • 3
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    A deficiency of the homeotic complex of the beetle Tribolium (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In Drosophila, the establishment of regional commitments along most of the anterior/posterior axis of the developing embryo depends on two clusters of homeotic genes: the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) and the bithorax complex (BX-C). The red flour beetle has a single complex (HOM-C) representing the homologues of the ANT-C and BX-C in juxtaposition. Beetles trans-heterozygous for two particular HOM-C mutations spontaneously generate a large deficiency, presumably by an exchange within the common region of two overlapping inversions. Genetic and molecular results indicate that this deficiency spans at least the interval between the Deformed and abdominal-A homologues. In deficiency homozygous embryos, all gnathal, thoracic and abdominal segments develop antennal appendages, suggesting that a gene(s) has been deleted that acts to distinguish trunk from head. There is no evidence that beetles have a homologue of the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of similar genomic location and function. On the basis of the genetic tractability, convenient genome size and organization of Tribolium, and its relatively long phylogenetic divergence from Drosophila (〉300 million years), we have integrated developmental genetic and molecular analyses of the HOM-C. We isolated about 70 mutations in the complex representing at least six complementation groups. The homeotic phenotypes of adults and lethal embryos lead us to believe that these beetle genes are homologous with the Drosophila genes indicated in Fig. 1 (see text).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); Volume 350; 6313; 72-4
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  • 4
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    Weighted estimation of run-out costs, part III (1966)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Computer program for estimating run-out costs on incompleted spacecraft subsystems
    Keywords: GENERAL
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  • 5
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    Bone mineral measurement, experiment M078 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurement tests revealed few deviations from baseline bone mineral measurements after 56 days in a Skylab-type environment. No mineral change was observed in the right radius. One individual, however, showed a possible mineral loss in the left os calcis and another gained mineral in the right ulna. The cause of the gain is unclear but may be attributable to the heavy exercise routines engaged in by the crewmember in question. Equipment problems were identified during the experiment and rectified.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 6
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    Atmospheric attenuation relative to earth-viewing orbital sensors (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Earth viewing space missions offer exciting new possibilities in several earth resources disciplines - geography, hydrology, agriculture, geology, and oceanography, to name a few. A most useful tool in planning experiments and applying space technology to earth observation is a statistical description of atmospheric parameters. Four dimensional atmospheric models and a world wide cloud model are used to produce atmospheric attenuation models to predict degradation effects for all classes of sensors for application to earth sensing experiments from spaceborne platforms. To insure maximum utility and application of these products, the development of an interaction model of microwave energy and atmospheric variables provides a complete description of the effects of atmospheric moisture upon microwaves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 21 p
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Wind (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: A space vehicle's response to atmospheric disturbances includes many parameters, the choice of criteria (parameters) depending upon the vehicle configuration and the specific mission. Response calculation methods for all phases of vehicle design are separated into their various phases and parts, using different approaches and methods of evaluation, as the particular phase demands. Although not independent, these phases include: (1) preliminary design; (2) final structural design; (3) guidance and control system design and optimization (preliminary and final); and (4) establishment of limits and procedures for launch and flight operations. Thus, the proper selection, representation, and use of wind information require the skillfully coordinated efforts of aerospace meteorologists and engineers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 168 p
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric density (surface) (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: The variation of the density of the atmosphere at the surface from the average for any one station, and between the areas of interest, is small and should have no important effect on preflight spacecraft operations. The median density at the surface for five test ranges is given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 3 p
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  • 9
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    Inflight thermodynamic properties (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: The inflight thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure, and density) of the atmosphere are presented. Mean and extreme values of the thermodynamic parameters given here can be used in application of many aerospace problems, such as: (1) research and planning and engineering design of remote earth sensing systems; (2) vehicle design and development; and (3) vehicle trajectory analysis, dealing with vehicle thrust, dynamic pressure, aerodynamic drag, aerodynamic heating, vibration, structural and guidance limitations, and reentry analysis. Atmospheric density plays a very important role in most of the above problems. A subsection on reentry is presented, giving atmospheric models to be used for reentry heating, trajectory, etc., analysis.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 34 p
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  • 10
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    Severe weather, sea state, and selected climatologies (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: With the development of aerospace launch vehicles which are to be recovered by flying back to the earth's surface, additional climatic data are needed on specific landing sites. A short discussion is presented that includes tornadoes, hurricanes, tropical storms and effects of sea states.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 28 p
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