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  • 1
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    Energy intake, body weight, and lean body mass are maintained in healthy, active women consuming a US Space Shuttle diet (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of the American Dietetic Association (ISSN 0002-8223); Volume 94; 1; 87-8
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  • 2
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    The cerebral hemodynamics of normotensive hypovolemia during lower-body negative pressure (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Although severe hypovolemia can lead to hypotension and neurological decline, many patients with neurosurgical disorders experience a significant hypovolemia while autonomic compensatory mechanisms maintain a normal blood pressure. To assess the effects of normotensive hypovolemia upon cerebral hemodynamics, transcranial Doppler ultrasound monitoring of 13 healthy volunteers was performed during graded lower-body negative pressure of up to -50 mm Hg, an accepted laboratory model for reproducing the physiological effects of hypovolemia. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity declined by 16% +/- 4% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and the ratio between transcranial Doppler ultrasound pulsatility and systemic pulsatility rose 22% +/- 8%, suggesting cerebral small-vessel vasoconstriction in response to the sympathetic activation unmasked by lower-body negative pressure. This vasoconstriction may interfere with the autoregulatory response to a sudden fall in blood pressure, and may explain the common observation of neurological deficit during hypovolemia even with a normal blood pressure.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Journal of neurosurgery (ISSN 0022-3085); Volume 76; 6; 961-6
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  • 3
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    The brightness of Jupiter's satellite Io following emergence from eclipse - Selected observations, 1981-1989 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Io's brightness was monitored following emergence from eclipse by Jupiter on 14 occasions during the Jupiter apparitions from 1981 to 1989 and no instance is found of what has been called posteclipse brightening. If all the observations are averaged, a 2 percent effect cannot be ruled out; however, this effect is also the size of the rms errors of the summed data set. If condensation followed by sublimation of SO2 frost is hypothesized to be the mechanism which causes posteclipse brightening, then solar insolation alone may not be sufficient to remove an optically thick layer of SO2 frost in the time required to conform with the positive reports of posteclipse brightening in the literature. An additional source of energy is required, such as warming caused by the impact of magnetospheric particles as they dissipate the energy of their motion into Io's surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 101; 2; p. 223-233.
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  • 4
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    Nutrition in space - Evidence from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Space flight exposes humans to a hostile, stressful environment as well as to the weightlessness associated with microgravity. The stresses of space travel affect nutritional balance, as evidenced by interrelated changes in body composition, energy utilization, and endocrine function. The limited data gathered thus far suggest that space flight incurs acute decreases in fluid mass and chronic, ongoing changes in muscle and bone mass. Concurrent with these changes is an increase in energy used per unit body mass. Other preliminary data suggest that bed rest and space flight may incur increased sensitivity to insulin. Further research is needed to determine the human energy and protein requirements for space, as well as a means of quantifying changes in body composition during extended-duration space flight.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Nutrition Reviews (ISSN 0029-6643); 50; 1, Ja
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  • 5
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    Nutritional questions relevant to space flight (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This historical review of nutritionally related research in the U.S. and Soviet space programs discusses the uses of nutrition as a countermeasure to the effects of microgravity, with respect to body composition and to exercise. Available information is reviewed from space and ground research in the nutritional requirements for energy, protein, fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals. Past, present, and future systems for nutrient delivery in space are described, and finally, future directions and challenges are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Annual Review of Nutrition (ISSN 0199-9885); 12; 237-258
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  • 6
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    Energy requirements for space flight (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Both the United States and the Soviet Union perform human space research. This paper reviews data available on energy metabolism in the microgravity of space flight. The level of energy utilization in space seems to be similar to that on earth, as does energy availability. However, despite adequate intake of energy and protein and in-flight exercise, lean body mass was catabolized, as indicated by negative nitrogen balance. Metabolic studies during simulated microgravity (bed rest) and true microgravity in flight have shown changes in blood glucose, fatty acids and insulin concentrations, suggesting that energy metabolism may be altered during space flight. Future research should focus on the interactions of lean body mass, diet and exercise in space, and their roles in energy metabolism during space flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Nutrition (ISSN 0022-3166); 122; 13-18
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  • 7
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    Effect of chemical form of selenium on tissue glutathione peroxidase activity in developing rats (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The hypothesis that the stage of development of rats may affect the availability of various forms of selenium for the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) in the rat was experimentally investigated. One experiment evaluated the availability of selenium as selenite or selenomethionine for GSPHx activity during three developmental states in rats: fetus and 7-day old and 14-day old nursing pups. In all tissues studied, GSHPx activity was highest in the 14-day-old pups whose dams were in the selenomethionine group. Rat pups given intraperitoneal selenite had higher liver and kidney GSHPx activity than pups given the same amount of selenium as intraperitoneal selenomethionine. In a second experiment, all dams were fed the same basal diet and pups were weaned to diets containing one of two levels of selenium and one of three forms of selenium (selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine). The results also supported the hypothesis these dietary forms of selenium are differentially available for GSHPx activity.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Nutrition (ISSN 0022-3166); 120; 1, Ja; 80-86
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  • 8
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    Reduced energy intake and moderate exercise reduce mammary tumor incidence in virgin female BALB/c mice treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The concurrent effects of diet (standard AIN-76A, restricted AIN-76A and high-fat diet) and moderate rotating-drum treadmill exercise on the incidence of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas in virgin female BALB/cMed mice free of murine mammary tumor virus are evaluated. Analyses show that, although energy intake was related to mammary tumor incidence, neither body weight nor dietary fat predicted tumor incidence.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Nutrition (ISSN 0022-3166); 121; 11, N; 1883-188
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  • 9
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    The effect of diet, exercise, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on food intake, body composition, and carcass energy levels in virgin female BALB/c mice (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effects of diet, exercise, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), a mammary-tumor carcinogen, on food intake, energy consumption, body weight, and body composition in virgin female BALB/c mice are investigated. Diet, exercise, and DMBA all had pronounced effects on energy consumption, which in turn affected body composition. These treatments may influence manifestations of breast cancer via their effects on body composition.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Nutrition (ISSN 0022-3166); 121; 11, N; 1876-188
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  • 10
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    Measured trends in stratospheric ozone (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent findings, based on both ground-based and satellite measurements, have established that there has been an apparent downward trend in the total column amount of ozone over mid-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere in all seasons. Measurements of the altitude profile of the change in the ozone concentration have established that decreases are taking place in the lower stratosphere in the region of highest ozone concentration. Analysis of updated ozone records, through March of 1991, including 29 stations in the former Soviet Union, and analysis of independently calibrated satellite data records from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment instruments confirm many of the findings originally derived from the Dobson record concerning northern midlatitude changes in ozone. The data from many instruments now provide a fairly consistent picture of the change that has occurred in stratospheric ozone levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 256; 5055,
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