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  • Other Sources  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (10)
  • 1975-1979  (4)
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  • 1
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    Regional rainfall climatologies derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Climatologies of convective precipitation were derived from passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager using a scattering-based algorithm of Adler et al. Data were aggregated over periods of 3-5 months using data from 4 to 5 years. Data were also stratified by satellite overpass times (primarily 06 00 and 18 00 local time). Four regions (Mexico, Amazonia, western Africa, and the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (TOGA COARE area) were chosen for their meteorological interest and relative paucity of conventional observations. The strong diurnal variation over Mexico and the southern United States was the most striking aspect of the climatologies. Pronounced morning maxima occured offshore, often in concativities in the coastline, the result of the increased convergence caused by the coastline shape. The major feature of the evening rain field was a linear-shaped maximum along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Topography exerted a strong control on the rainfall in other areas, particularly near the Nicaragua/Honduras border and in Guatemala, where maxima in excess of 700 mm/month were located adjacent to local maxima in terrain. The correlation between the estimates and monthly gage data over the southern United States was low (0.45), due mainly to poor temporal sampling in any month and an inadequate sampling of the diurnal cycle. Over the Amazon Basin the differences in morning versus evening rainfall were complex, with an alternating series of morning/evening maxima aligned southwest to northeast from the Andes to the northeast Brazilian coast. A real extent of rainfall in Amazonia was slightly higher in the evening, but a maximum in morning precipitation was found on the Amazon River just east of Manaus. Precipitation over the water in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) north of Brazil was more pronounced in the morning, and a pronounced land-/sea-breeze circulation was found along the northeast coast of Brazil. Inter-comparison of four years revealed 1992 to be the driest over Amazonia, with about a 23% decrease in mean rate compared to the 4-year mean estimated rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 75; 7; p. 1165-1182
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  • 2
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    A regional rainfall climatology over Mexico and the southwest United States derived from passive microwave and geosynchronous infrared data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A three-year climatology of satellite-estimated rainfall for the warm season for the southwest United States and Mexico has been derived from data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). The microwave data have been stratified by month (June, July, August), year (1988, 1989, 1990), and time of day (morning and evening orbits). A rain algorithm was employed that relates 86-GHz brightness temperatures to rain rate using a coupled cloud-radiative transfer model. Results identify an early evening maximum in rainfall along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental during all three months. A prominent morning rainfall maximum was found off the western Mexican coast near Mazatlan in July and August. Substantial differences between morning and evening estimates were noted. To the extent that three years constitute a climatology, results of interannual variability are presented. Results are compared and contrasted to high-resolution (8 km, hourly) infrared cloud climatologies, which consist of the frequency of occurrence of cloud colder than -38 C and -58 C. This comparison has broad implications for the estimation of rainfall by simple (cloud threshold) techniques. By sampling the infrared data to approximate the time and space resolution of the microwave, we produce ratios (or adjustment factors) by which we can adjust the infrared rain estimation schemes. This produces a combined microwave/infrared rain algorithm for monthly rainfall. Using a limited set of raingage data as ground truth, an improvement (lower bias and root-mean-square error) was demonstrated by this combined technique when compared to either method alone. The diurnal variability of convection during July 1990 was examined using hourly rain estimates from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) precipitation index and the convective stratiform technique, revealing a maximum in estimated rainfall from 1800 to 2100 local time. It is in this time period when the SSM/I evening orbit occurs. A high-resolution topographic database was available to aid in interpreting the influence of topography on the rainfall patterns.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 6; 11; p. 2144-2161
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  • 3
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    Convective climatology over the southwest U.S. and Mexico from passive microwave and infrared data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) were used to estimate the amount of rainfall in the June-August season for the regions of the southwest U.S. and Mexico, and the results are compared to rain-gauge observations and to IR climatologies of Maddox et al. (1992), using both the hourly IR data and IR data sampled at the time of the overpass of the SSM/I. A comparison of the microwave climatology with monthly rainfall measured by the climatological gage network over several states of western Mexico resulted in a 0.63 correlation and a large (482 mm) bias, due to sampling and the incongruity of rain gages and satellite estimates. A comparison between the IR and microwave data showed that the IR tended toward higher percentages along the coast compared to the microwave.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, 6th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-36051 14-47); p. 352-355.
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  • 4
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    An intercomparison of three satellite infrared rainfall techniques over Japan and surrounding waters (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Three satellite infrared techniques of increasing complexity for the estimation of rainfall are compared: (1) the GOES precipitation index (Arkin, 1979, 1983), (2) the Negri-Adler-Wetzel (Negri et al., 1984) technique, and (3) the convective-stratiform technique (CST), described by Adler and Negri (1988). It is shown that all three techniques performed poorly in estimating the rain maxima over southeastern Japan associated with shallow orographic warm rain systems. However, when the data set was limited to the ocean-only points, the CST method performed best, with the lowest bias, the lowest rms, and the highest correlation. Daily rainfall estimates had rms errors of almost 200 percent of the mean, and negative biases of about 50 percent of the mean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 2; p. 357-373.
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  • 5
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    Estimation of monthly rainfall over Japan and surrounding waters from a combination of low-orbit microwave and geosynchronous IR data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method is described for estimating the mean monthly rainfall data for climate studies by combining the geosynchronous IR and low-orbit microwave data. The microwave technique uses the brightness temperature at 37 and 86 GHz from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager instrument on board the DMSP satellite to define raining areas over water and land, and the 86-GHz scattering signal to assign rain rate based on cloud model-microwave calculations. The IR estimates are initially computed separately, using hourly data from the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite. Results show that, in areas where the microwave technique performs well, the combined microwave-IR monthly total estimates have better error statistics than either the microwave of the IR techniques individually.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 2; p. 335-356.
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  • 6
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    Precipitation estimation over Sardinia from satellite infrared data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Three techniques for the estimate of rain rate from infrared satellite images have been examined and modified to be used over the western Mediterranean Sea. An attempt to optimize these techniques has been made by comparing the remotely-sensed precipitation with in situ data, obtained from the rain gauge network over Sardinia, for three different seasons of 1988. The results obtained so far clearly reveal the limitations of infrared remote sensing techniques when applied to precipitation retrievals. However, these results give the possibility of gaining some useful insights on the general problem and show that infrared remote sensing techniques can give acceptable area-time averages of precipitation which are useful for climatological studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 1; p. 115-134.
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  • 7
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    A combined microwave/infrared algorithm for estimating rainfall during the GPCP (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper presents results of a satellite algorithm intercomparison of monthly precipitation, which was organized by the World Climate Research Program's Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Special attention is given to the techniques used in the projects and the type of data provided in the study (mainly by Japan's GMS visible and IR sensors and the USA's Special Sensor Microwave/Imager). The results of rainfall estimates obtained by Negri et al. (1994) and Adler and Negri (1988) techniques are compared with estimates made with the threshold technique of Arkin (1979, 1983). Results obtained by various techniques are presented for both the instantaneous estimates and for total rain accumulations over an area including Japan for a 24-hr period on June 22, 1989.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography; Sept. 3-7, 1990; London; United Kingdom
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  • 8
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    AOIPS 3 user's guide. Volume 2: Program descriptions (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) 3 is the version of the AOIPS software as of April 1989. The AOIPS software was developed jointly by the Goddard Space Flight Center and General Sciences Corporation. A detailed description of very AOIPS program is presented. It is intended to serve as a reference for such items as program functionality, program operational instructions, and input/output variable descriptions. Program descriptions are derived from the on-line help information. Each program description is divided into two sections. The functional description section describes the purpose of the program and contains any pertinent operational information. The program description sections lists the program variables as they appear on-line, and describes them in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-100725 , NAS 1.15:100725
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Satellite observations of the onset and growth of severe local storms (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The mesoscale nature of the forcing and evolution of these storms was investigated, with emphasis on techniques to aid in the early detection of such severe events. In the pre-storm environment (t-4 to t-2 hours), the satellite wind fields were combined with moisture parameters to derive horizontal moisture flux information. Low level moisture convergence was indicative of regions of subsequent severe storm genesis. Dynamic parameters such as boundary layer vorticity production and relative vorticity were also useful prognosticators of subsequent severe activity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-157046 , AS-PAPER-278 , CSU-ATSP-278 , US-ISSN-0067-0340 , (ISSN 0067-0340)
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  • 10
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    Moisture convergence from a combined mesoscale moisture analysis and wind field for 24 April 1975 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Precipitable water values inferred from the Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer data of the polar orbiting NOAA-4 satellite are used in conjunction with wind-field analyses obtained from Synchronous Meteorological Satellite visible-channel data to study the moisture convergence in the boundary layer immediately preceding a storm. This combination of data simulates the information that will be available from the Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer on board the GOES-D satellite, which is scheduled to begin operation in the 1980s. Serviceable representations of boundary layer flow are developed through analysis of the satellite infrared cumulus velocities, although the flow representations are not exactly located in the vertical.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Severe Local Storms; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; Omaha, NE
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