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  • 1
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    STURM: Resuspension Mesocosms with Realistic Bottom Shear Stress and Water Column Turbulence for Benthic-Pelagic Coupling Studies: Design and Applications (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Shear TUrbulence Resuspension Mesocosm (STURM) tanks, with high instantaneous bottom shear stress and realistic water column mixing in a single system, allow realistic benthic-pelagic coupling studies with sediment resuspension. The 1 m3 tanks can be programmed to produce tidal or episodic sediment resuspension for extended time periods (e.g. 4 weeks), over muddy sediments with a variety of benthic organisms. A resuspension paddle produces uniform bottom shear stress across the sediment surface while gently mixing a 1 m deep overlying water column. The STURM tanks can be programmed to different magnitudes, frequencies, and durations of bottom shear stress (and thus resuspension) with proportional water column turbulence levels over a wide range of mixing settings for benthic-pelagic coupling experiments. Over ten STURM calibration settings, RMS turbulent velocity ranged from 0.26 to 4.52 cm s1, energy dissipation rate from 0.0016 to 2.65 cm2 s3, the average bottom shear stress from 0.0035 to 0.19 Pa, and the instantaneous maximum bottom shear stress from 0.07 to 1.7 Pa. We have performed four 4-week benthic-pelagic coupling ecosystem experiments with tidal resuspension and stepwise erosion experiments (both with and without infaunal bivalves), carried out experiments on oyster biodeposit resuspension, mimicked storms overlain on tidal resuspension, and studied the effects of varying frequency and duration of resuspension on sedimentary contaminant release. The large size of the tanks allows water quality and particle measurements using standard oceanographic instrumentation. The realistic scale and complexity of the contained ecosystems has revealed indirect feedbacks and responses that are not observable in smaller, less complex experimental systems.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51381 , Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology; 499; 35-50
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  • 2
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    A Strain Gauge Monitor (SGM) for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements In Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-Cycling Hypoxia and pH (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response to diel-cycling hypoxia. A Wheatstone bridge was connected to strain gauges that were attached to the shells of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). The recorded signals allowed for the opening and closing of the bivalves to be recorded continuously over two-day periods of experimentally-induced diel-cycling hypoxia and diel-cycling changes in pH. Here, we describe a protocol for developing an inexpensive strain gauge monitor and describe, in an example laboratory experiment, how we used it to measure the valve gape behavior of Eastern oysters (C. virginica), in response to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical changes in pH. Valve gape was measured on oysters subjected to cyclical severe hypoxic (0.6 mg/L) dissolved oxygen conditions with and without cyclical changes in pH, cyclical mild hypoxic (1.7 mg/L) conditions and normoxic (7.3 mg/L) conditions. We demonstrate that when oysters encounter repeated diel cycles, they rapidly close their shells in response to severe hypoxia and close with a time lag to mild hypoxia. When normoxia is restored, they rapidly open again. Oysters did not respond to cyclical pH conditions superimposed on diel cycling severe hypoxia. At reduced oxygen conditions, more than one third of the oysters closed simultaneously. We demonstrate that oysters respond to diel-cycling hypoxia, which must be considered when assessing the behavior of bivalves to dissolved oxygen. The valve SGM can be used to assess responses of bivalve molluscs to changes in dissolved oxygen or contaminants. Sealing techniques to better seal the valve gape strain gauges from sea water need further improvement to increase the longevity of the sensors.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN54019 , Journal of Visualized Experiments (e-ISSN 1940-087X); 138
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  • 3
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    Some seismic results from th US-USSR joint verification underground explosions (1990)
    Her Majesty's Stationery Office
    In:  AWE Report No. O 6/90, ed. by Atomic Weapons Establishment, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, vol. 10, no. 007, 23 pp., pp. 1358-1361, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Spectrum ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Analysis of seismograms from nuclear explosions of known yield at Delgen Mountain and Konystan in East Kazakhstan, USSR (1992)
    Her Majesty's Stationery Office
    In:  AWE Report No. O 2/92, ed. by Atomic Weapons Establishment, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 51, pp. 193-210, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Source ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Moment tensor ; Magnitude
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: AVIRIS is a facility consisting of a flight system, a ground data system, a calibration facility, and a full-time operations team. The facility was developed by JPL under funding from NASA. NASA also provides funding for operations and maintenance. The flight system is a whisk-broom imager that acquires data in 224 narrow, contiguous spectral bands covering the solar reflected portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is flown aboard the NASA high altitude ER-2 research aircraft. The ground data system is a facility dedicated to the processing and distribution of data acquired by AVIRIS. It operates year round at JPL. The calibration facility consists of a calibration laboratory at JPL and a suite of field instruments and procedures for performing inflight calibration of AVIRIS. A small team of engineers, technicians, and scientists supports a yearly operations schedule that includes 6 months of flight operations, 6 months of routine ground maintenance of the flight system, and year-round data processing and distribution. Details of the AVIRIS system, its performance history, and future plans are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 2-3; p. 127-143.
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  • 6
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    Current instrument status of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An upgraded version of AVIRIS, an airborne imaging spectrometer based on a whiskbroom-type scanner coupled via optical fibers to four dispersive spectrometers, that has been in operation since 1987 is described. Emphasis is placed on specific AVIRIS subsystems including foreoptics, fiber optics, and an in-flight reference source; spectrometers and detector dewars; a scan drive mechanism; a signal chain; digital electronics; a tape recorder; calibration systems; and ground support requirements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Infrared technology XVII; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-26, 1991 (A93-38376 15-35); p. 164-175.
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    The magnetic network location of explosive events observed in the solar transition region (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Compact short-lived explosive events have been observed in solar transition region lines with the High-Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) flown by the Naval Research Laboratory on a series of rockets and on Spacelab 2. Data from Spacelab 2 are coaligned with a simultaneous magnetogram and near-simultaneous He I 10,380 -A spectroheliogram obtained at the National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak. The comparison shows that the explosive events occur in the solar magnetic network lanes at the boundaries of supergranular convective cells. However, the events occur away from the larger concentrations of magnetic flux in the network, in contradiction to the observed tendency of the more energetic solar phenomena to be associated with the stronger magnetic fields.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 370; 775-778
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  • 8
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    Sulfur gas exchange in Sphagnum-dominated wetlands (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Sulfur gases are important components of the global cycle of S. They contribute to the acidity of precipitation and they influence global radiation balance and climate. The role of terrestrial sources of biogenic S and their effect on atmospheric chemistry remain as major unanswered questions in our understanding of the natural S cycle. The role of northern wetlands as sources and sinks of gaseous S was investigated by measuring rates of S gas exchange as a function of season, hydrologic conditions, and gradients in trophic status. The effects of inorganic S input on the production and emission of gaseous S were also investigated. Experiments were conducted in wetlands in New Hampshire, particularly a poor fen, fens within the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Ontario, Canada and in freshwater and marine tundra. Emissions were determined using Teflon enclosures, gas cryotrapping methods, and gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric detection. Dynamic (sweep flow) and static enclosures were employed. Dissolved gases were determined by gas stripping followed by GC.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Terminal Decomposition and Gaseous Sulfur Release from Tidal Wetlands; 1 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Physical properties of lava flows on the southwest flank of Tyrrhena Patera, Mars (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Tyrrhena Patera (TP) (22 degrees S, 253.5 degrees W), a large, low-relief volcano located in the ancient southern highlands of Mars, is one of four highland paterae thought to be structurally associated with the Hellas basin. The highland paterae are Hesperian in age and among the oldest central vent volcanoes on Mars. The morphology and distribution of units in the eroded shield of TP are consistent with the emplacement of pyroclastic flows. A large flank unit extending from TP to the SW contains well-defined lava flow lobes and leveed channels. This flank unit is the first definitive evidence of effusive volcanic activity associated with the highland paterae and may include the best preserved lava flows observed in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. Flank flow unit averages, channelized flow, flow thickness, and yield strength estimates are discussed. Analysis suggests the temporal evolution of Martian magmas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1990; p 167-169
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  • 10
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    Timing and formation of wrinkle ridges in the Tyrrhena Patera Region of Mars (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Wrinkle ridges are distinctive linear to curvilinear arches topped by crenulated ridges and have been identified on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars. The presence of wrinkle ridges on other planetary surfaces has been used as a criterion for identifying volcanic plains. Recently, due to the presence of lava flow lobes and leveed channels, Greeley and Crown identified an area within Hesperia Planum as a flank flow unit associated with Tyrrhena Patera. Hesperia Planum surrounds Tyrrhena Patera and embays the eroded shield of the volcano to the north and south. The Tyrrhena Patera flank flow unit extends approx. 1000 km from the summit caldera to the southwest. More than 55 wrinkle ridges have been identified on this flank flow unit. The relationships between the lava flows and wrinkle ridges within the flank flow unit allow relative ages to be determined. Wrinkle ridges are classified as post flow if flow lobes appear to arch over the rises undeformed, with no evidence of flow ponding on the upstream side of the ridge, or of flows breaching the rises. Wrinkle ridges within Hesperia Planum and Tyrrhena Patera flank flow unit that trend NW-SE appear younger than the flank flow unit.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1990; p 65-66
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