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  • Articles  (63)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract p0071 is a member of the armadillo gene family that is expressed in a wide variety of mammalian tissues and cell types with a prominent cell–cell contact association in epithelial cells. Here, we report the expression and localization patterns of p0071 in differentiating human skeletal muscle cells and in normal and diseased human skeletal muscle tissues. Northern blots revealed expression of p0071 mRNA in adult skeletal muscle tissue. RT-PCR analysis and Western blotting experiments identified two differentially spliced isoforms of p0071. The balance between these isoforms shifted during in vitro differentiation of isolated muscle cells from predominant expression of the short variant to a preponderance of the larger variant from day 6 onwards. Immunolocalization studies in mature skeletal muscle tissue revealed that p0071 is a constituent of myofibrils with a distinct localization at the level of sarcomeric N2-lines. During myofibrillogenesis, p0071 was not detected in non-striated nascent myofibrils, but became apparent shortly after the development of compact Z-discs in early myotubes. Furthermore, we studied the expression of p0071 in a wide variety of neuromuscular disorders by indirect immunofluorescence. Here, the myofibrillar staining of p0071 was preserved in all the disease entities included in our study. Our results provide the first evidence that a member of the armadillo multigene family is a constituent of the contractile apparatus in human skeletal muscle. The localization of p0071 at the level of I-bands and the timepoint of its integration into developing myofibrils suggest a possible role in the organization of thin filaments.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; Keratins ; Cytoskeleton ; Transgenic mice ; Animal model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The function of intermediate-filament (IF) proteins has been a matter of speculation for a long time. Now, the analysis of genetically altered mice is contributing to the understanding of their function. While the initial analysis of knockout mice supports the global view that keratins in epidermis and desmin in muscle serve an important structural function by protecting these tissues against mechanical stress, the detailed examination of these and other mice suggests that IF are more than passive cytoskeletal proteins. This is highlighted by mice with deficiencies for keratins in internal epithelia, vimentin, GFAP, or neurofilament proteins. These lack overt phenotypes expected as a result of cytoskeletal deficiency but show defects compatible with a role of IF in protecting tissues against toxic and other forms of stress. Moreover, the first round of gene replacement experiments suggests that keratins from internal epithelia are unable to take the place of their epidermal counterparts. The development of mice with point mutations, paralleled by the mutation analysis of human diseases and the characterization of IF-associated proteins will be instrumental to understand why evolution has produced such a diverse gene family to encode simple 10 nm diameter filaments.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with α-Metalated Isocyanides, XXVIII1).  -  Oxazoles Unsubstituted in Position 2 from α-Metalated Isocyanides and Acylating ReagentsThe oxazoles 6 unsubstituted in position 2 (see table 1) are obtained from the α-metalated isocyanides 2 and acylating reagents such as the acid chlorides 3, the ethyl carboxylates 4 or the amides 5. Intermediates are the β-ketoisocyanides 7 which cyclize either in situ or during workup.  -  From potassium ethyl isocyanopropionate (12) and enolisable acyl chlorides the 5-alkylidene-4-methyloxazoline-4-carboxylates 15 are formed.  -  Reaction of potassium ethyl isocyanoacetate (2a, M =K) with 0.5 equivalents ethyl chloroformate affords the potassium diethyl isocyanomalonate (8, R1 = CO2C2H5, R2 = OC2H5) which can be alkylated in situ by alkyl halides to the diethyl α-alkyl-α-isocyanomalonates 16, the precursors of higher amino acids.
    Notes: Die in 2-Stellung unsubstituierten Oxazole 6 (vgl. Tabelle 1) erhält man aus den α-metallierten Isocyaniden 2 und Acylierungsmitteln wie den Säurechloriden 3, den Carbonsäureestern 4 oder den Carbonsäureamiden 5. Zwischenstufen sind die β-Ketoisocyanide 7, die entweder in situ oder beim Aufarbeiten cyclisieren.  -  Aus Kalium-2-isocyanpropionsäure-äthylester (12) und enolisierbaren Carbonsäurechloriden entstehen die 5-Alkyliden-4-methyloxazolin-4-carbonsäure-äthylester 15.  -  Aus Kalium-isocyanessigsäure-äthylester (2a, M = K) und 0.5 Äquivalenten Chlorameisensäure-äthylester erhält man Kalium-isocyanmalonsäure-diäthylester (8, R1 = CO2C2H5, R2 = OC2H5), der in situ mit Alkylhalogeniden zu den α-Alkyl-α-isocyanmalonsäure-diäthylestern 16 umzusetzen ist, den Vorstufen für höhere Aminosäuren.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with α-Metalated Isocyanides, XVII1).- N-(1-Arylsulfonyl-1-alkenyl) formamides from α-Metalated Arylsulfonylmethyl Isocyanides and Carbonyl Compounds, Conversion of a Carbonyl Compound into the Next Higher Carboxylic AcidN-(1-Arylsulfonyl-1-alkenyl)formamides 10 and 11 are obtained by reaction of potassium arylsulfonylisocyanomethanides 5 with carbonyl compounds (formylaminomethylenation). Hydrolysis of the formamides 10 or 11 yields the carboxyclic acids 16, which contain one more carbon atom. - Reaction of 4-methylphenylsulfonylmethyl isocyanide (4a) with carbonyl compounds 1 in weakly basic ethanolic medium gives 4-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-oxazolines 12, which on treatment with potassium tert.-butoxide are transformed into the formamides 10.
    Notes: N-(1-Arylsulfonyl-1-alkenyl)-formamide 10 und 11 erhält man durch Umsetzung von Kalium-arylsulfonyl-isocyanmethaniden 5 und Carbonylverbindungen in Tetrahydrofuran (Formylaminomethylenierung). Die Hydrolyse der Produkte liefert die Carbonsäuren 16, die ein Kohlenstoffatom mehr enthalten. - Die Umsetzung von 4-Methylphenylsulfonyl-methylisocyanid (4a) mit Carbonylverbindungen 1 in schwach basischem äthanolischem Medium ergibt 4-(4-Methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-oxazoline 12, die mit Kalium-tert.-butanolat in Tetrahydrofuran in die Formamide 10 umwandelbar sind.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with α-Metalated Isocyanides, XXVII1). - Reactions of α-Metalated Diethyl Isocyanomethyl- and α-Isocyanobenzylphosphonates with Carbonyl CompoundsDiethyl α-lithium-isocyanomethyl- and α-lithium-α-isocyanobenzylphosphonates (10 and 11) were reacted with the carbonyl compounds 12 and glyoxal to give respectively the vinyl iso-cyanides 16 and 1,4-diphenyl-l,3-butadienylene diisocyanide (17). - Diethyl isocyano-methylphosphonate (5) gives the diethyl2-oxazolin-4-ylphosphonates 18 on reaction with aldehydes (but not ketones) in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium cyanide. The oxazolines 18 give the N-(1-diethoxyphosphorylvinyl)formamides 13 on treatment with potassium tert.-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran.
    Notes: α-Lithium-isocyanmethyl- und α-Lithium-α-isocyanbenzylphosphonsäurediäthylester (10 bzw. 11) wurden mit dep Carbonylverbindungen 12 zu den Vinylisocyaniden 16 sowie mit Glyoxal zu 1,4-Diphenyl-l,3-butadienylendiisocyanid (17) umgesetzt. - Isocyanmethyl-phosphonsäure-diäthylester (5) reagiert in Äthanol in Gegenwart von Natriumcyanid als Katalysator mit Aldehyden (aber nicht mit Ketonen) zu den: 2-Oxazolin-4-ylphosphonsäure-diäthylestern 18. Diese sind mit Kalium-tert.-butanolat in Tetrahydrofuran in die N-(1-Diäthoxyphosphorylvinyl)formamide 13 umzuwandeln.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 85 (1973), S. 402-403 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 83 (1971), S. 358-359 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis with α-Metalated Isocyanides, XVI1). - β-Substituted α-Formylaminoacrylic Esters form α-Metalated Isocyanoacetic Esters and Carbonyl Compounds (Formylaminomethylenation of Carbonyl Compounds)The α-metalated isocyanoacetic esters 7, prepared from isocyanoacetic esters 10 and butyllithium, potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, react with the carb only compounds to the β-substituted α-formylaminoacrylic esters 8 or 9 (formylamino-methylenation of carbonyl compounds). The course of this new reaction is discussed. - The α-formylaminoacrylic esters 8 and 9 can also be obtained from alkyl 2-oxazoline-4-carboxylates of type 18 by base induced ring opening. - The reaction of isocyanoacetic esters 10 with benzaldehyde or acetophenone in ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide or in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of excess sodium hydroxide gives N-formyl-β-phenylserine (25a) or N-formyl-β-phenylthreonine (25b), respectively.
    Notes: Die α-metallierten Isocyanessigsäureester 7, dargestellt aus Isocyanessigsäureestern 10 mit Butyllithium bzw. Kalium-tert.-butanolat oder Natriumhydrid, reagieren in Tetrahydrofuran mit den Carbonylverbindungen 2 in einem Zug zu den β-substituierten α-Formylamino-acrylestern 8 oder 9 (Formylaminomethylenierung von Carbonylverbindungen). Der Verlauf dieser neuartigen Reaktion wird diskutiert. - Die α-Formylaminoacrylester 8 und 9 sind auch aus 2-Oxazolin-4-carbonsäure-alkylestern (vom Typ 18) durch baseninduzierte Ringöffnung zu erhalten. - Bei der Umsetzung von Isocyanestern 10 mit Benzaldehyd oder Acetophenon in Äthanol in Gegenwart von Natriumäthylat oder in Tetrahydrofuran mit überschüss. Natriumhydroxid entstehen N-Formyl-β-phenylserin (25a) bzw. N-Formyl-β-phenylthreonin (25b).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 11 (1972), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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