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  • Articles  (1,346)
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  • 1
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 12 (1964), S. 158-161 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 96 (1974), S. 280-281 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Conopids ; Bombus ; body size ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The body size of the host insect in which a parasitoid develops can have important effects on its development and life history. Large and small host body size have both been suggested to be advantageous to parasitoids, depending on the life-history of the species concerned. We test field data on the bumblebeeBombus terrestris and its conopid parasitoids for evidence of differences in size between parasitised and unparasitised worker bees. Bees acting as hosts for conopid parasitoids are on average larger-bodied than unparasitised bees. This result holds for bees collected in two different years, and whether bees are collected while foraging or from the nest. The results we present demonstrate differential parasitism of hosts of different body sizes, but do not necessarily indicate active host choice by conopids. However, they are in agreement with independent evidence that conopids develop more successfully in large-than in small-bodied hosts.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse aus einer Feldstudie zur Ökologie eines Wirt-Parasit Systems, bestehend aus mehreren Arten von parasitoiden Fliegen (Conopidae, Diptera) und ihren Hummel-Wirten (Bombini, Apoidea, Hymenoptera), werden dargestellt. Wirtstiere wurden systematisch in verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten über eine ganze Saison gesammelt und auf erfolgreiche Parasitierung, erkennbar am Puparium der endoparasitischen Fliege, geprüft. Parasitierung erfolgt vor allem in den Sommermonaten (Juli–September), wobei die beobachtete maximale Häufigkeit des Befalls 46.7% (für Arbeiterinnen) betrug. Durchschnittlich sind 13.2% aller Arbeiterinnen (Spannweite: 0–46,7%) und 7.1% aller Männchen (0–28.6%) befallen, d.h. enthielten ein Puparium wenn die Tiere nach ihrem Tod im Labor eröffnet wurden. Zwei Conopiden-Gattungen,Sicus (64% der Beobachtungen) undPhysocephala (36%) waren zu finden, wobei die letztere später im Jahr häufiger wird. Eine multivariate Analyse zeigte, dass Wirtsart, Geschlecht (Arbeiterin, Männchen) und Undersuchungsgebiet die wichtigsten Faktoren sind, welche die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Parasitierung beeinflussen. Im Durchschnitt waren Männchen weniger befallen als Arbeiterinnen. Das ausgeprägte saisonale Auftreten der Conopiden scheint in erster Linie für die Unterschiede im Befall zwischen Wirtsarten verantwortlich zu sein. So sind frühe Arten (z.B.B. pratorum) und früh fliegende Königinnen vonBombus undPsithyrus im Frühjahr kaum befallen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit dem möglichen Einfluss der Conopiden auf die Ökologie und Evolution des Wirts diskutiert. Zusätzliche Beobachtungen über das Vorkommen weiterer wichtiger Endoparasiten (Sphaerularia bombi undSyntretus sp.) werden berichtet.
    Notes: Summary We present field data on the ecology of a host-parasite system, consisting of several species of parasitoid flies (Conopidae, Diptera) and their bumblebee hosts (Bombini, Apoidea, Hymenoptera). Host animals were systematically sampled from different study sites throughout a season and checked for successful infestation in the form of puparia of these endoparasitic flies. Such dissection of the bees revealed that infestation occurs primarily during the summer months (June to September), with an observed maximum frequency of parasitization of 46.7% in workers in one of our study sites. On average, 13.2% of all workers (range 0–46.7%) and 7.1% of all males (range 0–28.6%) contained the puparium of a conopid. Two conopid generaSicus (64% of cases) andPhysocephala (36%) accounted for the infestation, with the latter being more abundant later in the year. A multivariate analysis identified host species, sex (male or worker), and study area as the most important factors accounting for the observed variance in the probability of being parasitized during the summer months. On average, males were less affected than workers. The marked seasonal appearance of conopids seems to account for differences among species, in particular for low levels of infestation among species completing their life cycles early (e.g.B. pratorum) and among the early flying, hibernated quens ofBombus andPsithyrus species. The results are discussd with respect to the impact of conopids on host ecology and evolution. Additional observations on the occurrence of further endoparasites (Sphaerularia bombi andSyntretus sp.) are reported.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 911-920 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ; granules ; perforin ; gene targetting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The killing mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) represents an important mechanism in the immune defence against tumors and virus infections. The lytic mechanism has been proposed to consist of a polarized secretion of granule-stored molecules, occurring on effector-target cell contact. By electron microscopy, membrane deposited, pore-like lesions are detected on the target cell membrane during cytolysis by CTL. These structures resembled strikingly pores formed during complement attack. Granules of CTL isolated by nitrogen cavitation and Percoll gradient centrifugation were shown to retain cytotoxic activity. Further purification of proteins stored in these granules led to the discovery of a membranolytic protein named perforin which was capable of polymerizing into pore-like structures. In addition to this cytolytic protein, a set of serine esterases was found as well as lysosomal enzymes and proteoglycans, whose function are not yet clearly defined. The role of perforin in the cytotoxic process is currently being explored by ablating the active gene in mice.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Low dispersal and sexual selection are characteristic of the coastal polychaeteNereis acuminata Ehlers 1868 [also known asNereis arenaceodentata Moore 1903 andNereis (Neanthes) caudata Delle Chiaje 1841]. We assessed levels of premating isolation between populations of this polychaete. Four North American populations were used, two from the Atlantic and two from the Pacific. Worms from all sites (1) were collected in 1987 and 1988 from the same habitat type, (2) were morphologically similar and keyed out asN. acuminata, and (3) reproduced monogamously and exhibited male parental care, an extremely rare reproductive mode in marine invertebrates. There was no evidence from 10-min or 36-h trials of premating isolation between the two Pacific populations. Incomplete premating isolation was found between the two Atlantic populations. High aggression and non-pairing occurred in some 10-min trials between males and females. However, in 36-h trials males and females from the two Atlantic populations always paired to mate. Complete premating isolation was found between Atlantic and Pacific populations. During 10-min trials, males and females from different oceans often attacked and then avoided each other, and they never paired to mate. Nor did they pair to mate in longer, 36-h trials. One Pacific and one Atlantic population were compared for tolerance to cold temperature. Pacific individuals were less able to tolerate cold water than Atlantic individuals. Two Atlantic populations studied had karyotypes with 11 pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes (2n=22), while the two Pacific populations had nine pairs of large metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes (2n=18). Such extreme dissimilarity in karyotype was not expected considering the similarity in morphology, habitat, and reproductive mode. Results suggest strongly that the Atlantic and Pacific populations have been allopatric for a long time, and are different species.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 18 (1983), S. 423-434 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The idealized prototype of a southern Tuscan antimony deposit can be described as follows: The irregular mineralization is situated in the upper part of the highly porous Calcare Cavernoso, overlain by an impermeable unit, normally a flysch-type rock. The deposits are bound to the edge of horst positions and also to areas of elevated geothermal gradient and resulting hydrothermal activity. These observations were used as variables for statistical probability calculations for antimony-deposit formation. Within the areas determined to be of high probability, 47 target areas were selected for geochemical soil sampling. Positive correlation of antimony with barium, strontium and lead, corresponding to gangue and accessory ore minerals in the deposit was found. Local distribution of Sb of 3 representative areas are discussed in detail. Although no high anomalies so far unknown were identified, known mineralizations were extended or neighbouring anomalies found. Regional correlation with horst structures and especially their fault margins (e.g. eastern margin of the ridge of Monticiano) was confirmed. The high density of mineralizations in the Tafone area is also reflected in the geochemical results of the soil sample prospection. A possible explanation for this accumulation may be seen in the large outcrops of pre-Carboniferous rocks, which generally are expected to be the primary source of antimony. From these pre-Variscan units antimony was remobilized and transported hydrothermally to its present position.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gene cloning and sequencing of theHLA-B locus split antigens B38 (B16.1) and B39 (B16.2) allowed localization of their subtypic as well as their public specificities HLA-Bw4 or-Bw6 to the α-helical region of the α 1 domain flanked by the amino acid positions 74–83. Comparison of their amino acid sequences with those of otherHLA-B-locus alleles established HLA-Bw6 to be distinguished by Ser at residue 77 and Asn at residue 80. In contrast, HLA-Bw4 is characterized by at least seven different patterns of amino acid exchanges at positions 77 and 80–83. Reactivity patterns of Bw4-or Bw6-specific monoclonal antibodies reveal two alloantigenic epitopes contributing to the HLA-Bw4 or-Bw6 specificity residing next to the region of highest diversity of the α 1 domain.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We present the results of an international collaborative study aimed at estimating the ratio of male to female mutation rates in Duchenne muscular dystrophy based on the method of C. Müller and T. Grimm. With a sample size of 295, this ratio is found to be very close to 1, thus giving evidence for equal mutation rates in males and females in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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