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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian effects of hydrocortisone on the blood of the newt,Notophthalmus viridescens (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 86 (1973), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differential counts of the leucocytes of newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were made at four times of day (2∶00, 9∶00, 14∶00 and 21∶00), 72 hours after the injection of hydrocortisone acetate (experimentais) or distilled water (controls). At all times, increases in neutrophils and decreases in lymphocytes were observed in experimentais as compared to the controls (Table 1). The increases in neutrophils in the experimental newts were most pronounced at 14∶00, and the decreases in the lymphocytes were greatest at 21∶00. The least degrees of neutrophilia and lymphopenia occurred at 9∶00. Consequently, circadian variations in response to the hydrocortisone are indicated. The possible mechanism of mediation of the variations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694478
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian changes in responses of newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, to ACTH (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 89 (1974), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differential counts of the leucocytes of adult newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, maintained in constant darkness and at a temperature of 11.0∓0.5 ° C, were made at eight times during circadian periods. The relative numbers of white cells varied only slightly through these solar-days (Table 1). However, in animals living under the same constant conditions and injected during one of four different periods of 24-hour days with bovine ACTH, the levels of increases in neutrophils evoked by treatment with the hormone varied with solar frequency (Table 2). Decreases in lymphocytes, also apparent in ACTH-treated newts, were of similar degrees during 24-hour days (Table 2). The circadian changes in the severity of neutrophilia are discussed in relation to other cycles known forNotophthalmus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696192
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral symmetry in the mediation of circadian differences in earthworms (1970)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 69 (1970), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rates of locomotion and light-withdrawal of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris L., in which one circumpharyngeal connective had been severed were compared with those of normal worms during test-periods which started at 12:00 and 20:00, E.S.T. Normal worms withdrew from light and crawled faster during the evening hours than at midday. The animals in which the connective had been cut performed at essentially the same rates during the noon and evening periods. Data presented in the table show the similarity between the results of this investigation and those of earlier studies on brainless worms and on Lumbricus in which both circumpharyngeal connectives were cut (Bennett, 1967). The new findings support the earlier conclusion that an intact anterior central nervous system is necessary for the mediation of circadian differences in earthworms, and indicate that the regulating mechanism of the temporal differences is one which demands the participation of neural units of both sides of the anterior central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340907
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmotic stress, ACTH and the white blood cell picture in newts,Notophthalmus viridescens (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 82 (1973), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were given single injections of 0.04 I.U. of bovine ACTH or were immersed in 2% NaCl for 2 hours. In both the corticotrophin-treated and the osmotically-stressed newts, increases in neutrophils and decreases in lymphocytes were obvious and significant. Neither condition was observed in the controls (Tables 1 and 2). The changes seen in the peripheral blood of the experimentalNotophthalmns were very much like those reported earlier for animals of the same species which had received injections of the adrenal steroid, hydrocortisone. Using these lines of evidence, it is argued that neutrophilia and lymphopenia in amphibians could result from a stress → anterior pituitary → steroidogenic tissue-system of reactions which has been proved to effect similar changes in the blood of stressed mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696802
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian variations in the differential blood counts of mice under constant (LL) and alternating (LD) light periods (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 149 (1982), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Laboratory mice, offspring of CB6 F1 s, were maintained at a constant temperature of 21.0 ± 1.0° C and in constant light (LL) of 40 lux or under 12 h of light (40 lux) alternating with 12 h of darkness (LD) for 8 consecutive days. During the following 36 h, tail blood was secured from each mouse at 6-h intervals. From those samples, a differential white blood cell count, based on 100 leukocytes, was made for each animal. The relative numbers of eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes did not fluctuate rhythmically under LL or LD. The per cent distributions of lymphocytes and neutrophils did vary with circadian frequency in both LL and LD (Figs. 1, 2) The peak counts of neutrophils were found in blood sampled near midnight; high counts of lymphocytes were made in smears prepared about 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619145
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diurnal cycle and locomotion in earthworms (1965)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 51 (1965), S. 224-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Zeit, die Regenwürmer (Lumbricus terrestris L.) benötigen, um auf einer schiefen (45°) Ebene 10 cm aufwärts zu kriechen, wird um 700, 1200 und 1900 Uhr gemessen. 2. Um 700 Uhr beträgt diese Zeit im Mittel 17,19 sec (446 Versuche), um 1200 Uhr 21,52 sec (475 Versuche) und um 1900 Uhr 16,49 sec (475 Versuche). Der Unterschied zwischen 700 und 1200 und der zwischen 1200 und 1900 ist statistisch gesichert (p〈0,001). 3. Diese Ergebnisse werden mit der Lichtreaktionszeit von Lumbricus verglichen.
    Notes: Summary 1. The time necessary for crawling 10 cm up an incline of 45° was found for earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris L., during test periods starting at 700, 1200 and 1900. 2. For 446 trials run in the morning, the average time was 17.19 seconds. For 475 tests done at midday, the average was 21.52 seconds, and for 475 trials run at 1900, it was 16.49 seconds. The differences between the averages for 700 and 1200 and for 1200 and 1900 are significant (p〈0.001). 3. These results and differences in light-reaction times at 1200 and 1900 are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299296
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistent seasonal variations in the diurnal cycle of earthworms (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 60 (1968), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1965 bis 1968 wurde das lokomotorische Verhalten von Regenwürmern (Lumbricus terrestris L.), die bei konstanter Beleuchtung und Temperatur unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen gehalten wurden, untersucht; und zwar wurde mittags (12.00 Uhr) und abends (19.00 Uhr) die Zeit gemessen, die die Tiere benötigen, um 10 cm zu kriechen. Die Auswertung der Versuche zeigte, daß die Würmer abends immer schneller waren als mittags. Die Differenz der beiden Kriechgeschwindigkeiten schwankte jahresperiodisch (Fig. 1). Außerdem ergaben sich Hinweise dafür, daß die Mondphase von Bedeutung ist: Im Frühjahr und im Winter war der Unterschied zwischen der mittäglichen und der abendlichen Kriechgeschwindigkeit in der Woche vor und nach Vollmond viel größer als in den beiden Wochen um Neumond. Die Rhythmen der Lokomotionsgeschwindigkeit werden mit anderen Jahres- und lunarperiodischen Erscheinungen verglichen; ihre mögliche biologische Bedeutung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary An annual cycle, based on the differences between the speed of locomotion around midday and in the evening, was found for earthworms,Lumbricus terrestris L., maintained in the laboratory under constant conditions of light and temperature, and studied during parts of 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968. During each month, the worms were faster in the evening than at noon, but this difference varied in degree through the year (Fig. 1). In addition, during part of the year, the differences between midday and evening were much greater for a 15-day period which centered on full moon than for a block of 15 days centered on new moon. Therefore, seasonal changes in lunar correlations were also indicated. These rhythms have been compared with others of lunar and annual frequencies, and their possible biological significance has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737093
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress and changes in the blood of newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, during early regeneration (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1986), S. 823-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the summers of 1984 and 1985, adult red-spotted newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were maintained in the laboratory at 23°±0.5°C under natural photoperiods. From each of the experimental animals, the right forelimb was amputated just proximal to the elbow. Control newts were not manipulated surgically. Eight, 15, and 22 days after the time of amputation, equal numbers of regenerating and control animals were sacrificed, and blood smears of each individual were prepared with Wright's stain. Mean differential counts of leukocytes of the two groups of newts indicated that the relative number of neutrophils increased and the relative number of lymphocytes decreased in the regenerating animals as compared to their controls (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Earlier studies had shown that lymphopenia and neutrophilia occur in red-spotted newts treated with hydrocortisone or with ACTH or subjected to environmental stress (Bennett and Daigle 1983). Consequently, it is suggested that amputation and/or early regeneration may stimulate the increased production of hormones associated with stress in vertebrates, which may, in turn, influence regeneration, itself, and that the detailed study of the distribution of leukocytes inNotophthalmus viridescens may provide an assay with which to study the regulation of regeneration in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603735
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diurnal cycle and a difference in reaction times in earthworms (1965)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 49 (1965), S. 407-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wird das Vorderende von Lumbricus terrestris belichtet, so zieht es der Regenwurm nach einer gewissen Zeit (Reaktionszeit) zurück. Diese Reaktionszeit wurde für dunkeladaptierte Regenwürmer um 12.00 Uhr und um 19.00 Uhr gemessen. Mittags beträgt die Reaktionszeit im Mittel 9,93 sec (308 Versuche), abends 7,13 sec (309 Versuche; p〈 0,001). Die Reaktionszeit unterliegt also tagesperiodischen Schwankungen, die im Zusammenhang mit anderen vom Regenwurm bekannten Erscheinungen biologischer Rhythmik diskutiert werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. The time necessary for the withdrawal of the anterior end of the body from an oval spot of light was found for dark-adapted earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris L., during test periods which started at 12:00 or 19:00 hours. 2. For 309 trials begun at 19:00, the average reaction time was 7.13 seconds and for the 308 begun at 12:00, it was 9.93 seconds. 3. Here is another example of the effect of a diurnal cycle on a response typical of this species, and it is discussed in regard to other indicators of biological rhythmicity in earthworms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phasing of the cycle of motor activity in the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax (1963)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 47 (1963), S. 431-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während zweier Perioden im Sommer 1959 wurde die Laufaktivität von Winkerkrabben (Uca pugnax), die von Chappaquoit Beach (Massachusetts) und von Lagoon Pond, Martha's Vineyard (Massachusetts) gesammelt wurden, im Laboratorium (Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole) unter konstanten Licht- und Temperaturbedingungen registriert. Chappaquoit, Lagoon Pond und Woods Hole liegen innerhalb eines Radius von etwa sechs Meilen; die Zeiten von Ebbe und Flut sind jedoch an diesen Stellen sehr unterschiedlich: Zwischen Chappaquoit und Lagoon Pond beträgt der Unterschied 4 Std, zwischen Chappaquoit und Woods Hole nur 1,5 Std. In ihrer natürlichen Umgebung am Strand läuft und frißt Uca vor der Zeit des Niedrigwassers. Am 1. Tag der Untersuchung im Laboratorium unter konstanten Bedingungen entsprachen die Phasen der Laufaktivität der beiden Gruppen den Phasen der Gezeiten an dem entsprechenden Biotop: Die Phasen der Tiere von Lagoon Pond lagen also später als die der Tiere von Chappaquoit. Allmählich wurde der Unterschied zwischen den Phasenlagen der beiden Gruppen kürzer; am 7. oder 8. Tag stimmten sie überein und fielen mit den Phasen des Mondumlaufes (Zenit oder Nadir) zusammen. Demnach werden in Anpassung an die Umwelt unter natürlichen Bedingungen (unter dem Einfluß von Ebbe und Flut) die Aktivitätsphasen durch von den Gezeiten stammende Faktoren reguliert; primär wird der Aktivitätszyklus jedoch von den Faktoren des Mondumlaufes bestimmt. Der Unterschied zwischen dem Rhythmus des Farbwechsels von Uca und dem Aktivitätsrhythmus wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary and Conclusions 1. The spontaneous locomotor activity of groups of fiddler crabs which were collected from two different beaches where comparable tidal events differ by four hours was recorded under constant laboratory conditions during two different periods in the summer of 1959. 2. During the first 24 hours in the laboratory, the phases of the cycles of activity of tidal or lunar-day frequency were correlated with tidal phases which obtain in the original habitats of the crabs. 3. Gradually the interval of time between peaks of activity for the two groups of animals shortened, and by the seventh or eighth day of observation, the peaks were essentially synchronous, and correlated with the times of zenith and nadir of the moon. These relationships continued through the remainder of the periods of observation. 4. These results show that although the phases of such cycles can be set in adaptive relationships with actual tidal events in the organism's natural environment, the cycles are correlated primarily with lunar events. 5. It is suggested that further study and comparison of the indicators of lunar rhythmicity, color change and locomotor activity, in this species, may be especially helpful in the working out of the mechanisms by which phases of such cycles are set and regulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343145
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