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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3)
  • micromanipulation  (2)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 1004-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: mammalian cell ; disruption ; shear stress ; mechanical properties ; micromanipulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using mechanical cell properties measured by micromanipulation, and a model of cell distortion in laminar flow fields, a method has been developed for predicting disruption of animal cells by laminar shear stresses. Predictions of the model were compared with measured losses of cell number and viability of TB/C3 murine hybridomas sheared in a cone and plate viscometer at shear rates up to 3950 s-1, and shear stresses up to 600 Nm-2, achieved by enhancement of viscosity with dextran. In all cases, the experimental, results and predictions were within 30%. Such excellent agreement suggests it might be possible to use micromanipulation measurements of animal cell mechanical properties to predict cell damage in more complex flow fields, such as those in bioreactors. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 987-993 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell disruption ; turbulent flow ; mammalian cells ; mechanical properties ; micromanipulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Disruption of animal cells in turbulent capillary flows has been predicted from a model of cell-hydrodynamic interactions using cell mechanical properties determined by micromanipulation. Eddies of sizes similar to or smaller than the cells are presumed to interact with those cells, causing local surface deformations. The proposed mechanism of cell damage is that such deformations result in an increase in membrane tension and surface energy and that a cell disrupts when its bursting membrane tension and bursting surface energy are exceeded. The surface energy of the cells is estimated from the kinetic energy of appropriately sized eddies. To test the model, cells were disrupted in turbulent flows in capillaries at mean energy dissipation rates up to 2 × 104 m2/s3. In all cases the model underestimated the cell disruption by about 15%. Such good agreement implies that the approach of the model to the complicated phenomena of cell turbulence interactions is reasonable. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 845-852 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel orthoperiodate ; i.r., Raman spectra ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O  -  Crystal Structures and Vibrational SpectraThe crystal structure of NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O has been determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction (Pc, Z = 2, a = 516.74(9), b = 981.5(2), c = 1052.5(2) pm, β = 116.496(8)°) on the basis of 4169 unique reflections (R = 1.96%). The structure is built up of distorted Ni(H2O)62+ and H3IO62- octahedra linked by hydrogen bonding. IR and Raman spectra of both the title compound and isostructural MgH3IO6 · 6 H2O as well as of deuterated specimens are given. There are up to 14 different OH(OD) modes in the spectra of isotopically dilute samples due to the 15 different hydrogen positions of the structure. The internal modes of the meridional H3IO62- ions (pseudo C2v symmetry) are discussed with respect to that double T-shaped entity, which gives rise to only two instead of 3I—O, I—O(H), and OH stretches in the IR and Raman spectra, i.e. the same as for facial (C3v) structured ions.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur (Pc, Z = 2) von NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O wurde mittels Röntgen-Einkristallmessungen auf der Basis von 4169 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen bestimmt (R = 1,96%). IR- und Raman-Spektren von NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O und der isotypen Verbindung MgH3IO6 · 6 H2O sowie von deuterierten Präparaten werden mitgeteilt. Die Spektren isotypenverdünnter Proben zeigen bis zu 14 OH(OD)-Streckschwingungen entsprechend den 15 verschiedenen Wasserstoff-Positionen der Struktur. Die meridionalen H3IO62--Ionen (Pseudosymmetrie C2v) besitzen wegen der T-förmigen Anordnung der je 3 IO-und IOH-Gruppen nur je 2 IO-, IO(H)- und OH-Streckschwingungen in den IR- und Raman-Spektren und können daher schwingungsspektroskopisch nicht von H3IO62--Ionen mit facialer Struktur (C3v) unterschieden werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1537-1542 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Manganese chlorides ; lithium chlorides ; neutron and X-ray diffraction ; spinel-type chlorides ; fast ionic conductivity ; vacancies ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure and Electric Conductivity of Spinel-Type Li2-2xMn1+xCl4 Solid SolutionsThe electric conductivity of the fast lithium ion conductors Li2-2xMn1+xCl4 was measured by impedance spectroscopic methods. The conductivities obtained, e.g. ∼ 4 × 10-1 Ω-2 cm-1 at 570 K, depend only little on the lithium content. The crystal structure of Li1.6Mn1.2Cl4 was determined by neutron powder and X-ray single crystal diffraction (space group Fd3m, Z = 8, a = 1 049.39(6) pm, Rw = 1.4% on the basis of 170 reflections). The lithium deficient chloride crystallizes in an inverse spinel structure like the stoichiometric compound Li2MnCl4 according to the formula (Li0,8)[Li0,4Mn0,6]2Cl4 with vacancies () at the tetrahedral sites. The decrease of the Moct—Cl distances with the increase of x reveals that the ionic radius of Mn2+ in chlorides is equal or even smaller than that of Li+ opposite to fluorides and oxides. The —Cl distances of spinel type chlorides are 237 (tet) and 274 pm (oct), respectively. The mechanism of the ionic conductivity is discussed.
    Notes: Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von schnellen Lithium-Ionenleitern des Typs Li2-2xMn1+xCl4 wurde mit Hilfe der Impedanz-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Sie beträgt ca. 4 × 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1 bei 300°C und ist weitgehend unabhängig vom Lithiumgehalt. Die Kristallstruktur von Li1,6Mn1,2Cl4 wurde mittels Neutronenpulver- und Röntgeneinkristall-Messungen (Raumgruppe Fd3m, Z = 8, a = 1 049,39(6) pm, Rw = 1,4% auf der Basis von 170 Reflexen) ermittelt. Das lithiumdefiziente Chlorid kristallisiert wie Li2MnCl4 selbst in einer inversen Spinell-Struktur entsprechend (Li0,8)[Li0,4Mn0,6]2Cl4 mit Leerstellen () auf den Tetraederplätzen. Aus der Abnahme der Abstände Moct—Cl mit zunehmendem x folgt, daß der Ionenradius von Mn2+ in Chloriden im Gegensatz zu analogen Fluoriden und Oxiden gleich oder kleiner ist als der von Li+. Die —Cl-Abstände in Spinell-typ-Chloride betragen 237 (tet) und 274 pm (oct). Der Mechanismus der Ionen-Leitfähigkeit wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Magnesium iodate ; crystal structure ; Raman spectra ; high temperature Raman- and X-ray studies, thermal analyses ; lone-pair radius of iodine(V) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnesium Iodate Decahydrate Mg(IO3)2 · 10 H2O - Crystal Structure, Raman Spectra, Thermal Decomposition, Lone-Pair Radius of Iodine(V)Mg(IO3)2 · 10 H2O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (a = 654.25(9), b = 1109.8(2), c = 1176.7(2) pm; α = 105.470(8), β = 104.086(8), γ = 101.744(8)°; Z = 2). The structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 273 K, and refined to a final R value of 0.0272 for 4372 observed reflections (I 〉 2σ(I)). The magnesium ions are coordinated to six different H2O molecules forming a slightly distorted octahedron with Mg—O distances varying between 202.2(2) and 211.6(3) pm. The hexaaquamagnesium ions are arranged parallel to (010). The two kinds of iodate ions and the four different “free” water molecules are filled between the layers thus formed.There are twenty independent hydrogen bonds with O … O distances from 268.7(3) to 287.6(4) pm. On the basis of all intermolecular I … I distances of iodates reported in the literature, 180 pm are recommended as van-der-Waals radius resp. lonepair radius of iodine(V). DSC and Raman spectroscopic experiments as well as high-temperature Raman and X-ray measurements were performed and are discussed with respect to the energetic and geometric distortion of the IO3- ions and the dehydration of the decahydrate via the tetrahydrate (308 K) to Mg(IO3)2 (428 K).
    Notes: Mg(IO3)2 · 10 H2O kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 (a = 654,25(9), b = 1109,8(2), c = 1176,6(2) pm; α = 105,470(8), β = 104,086(8), γ = 101,744(8)°; Z = 2). Die Kristallstruktur wurde mit Hilfe von Röntgen-Einkristalldaten (MoKα) bestimmt (R = 2,72%, 4372 symmetrieunabhängige Reflexe mit I 〉 2σ(I)). Sie ist aus oktaedrischen [Mg(H2O)6]2+- und pyramidalen IO3--Ionen sowie 4 weiteren Kristallwassermolekülen aufgebaut. Die O … O-Abstände der Wasserstoffbrücken der 20 verschiedenen Wasserstoffatome betragen 268,7(3) - 287,6(7) pm. Aufgrund der intermolekularen I … I-Abstände der bisher bekannten Iodatstrukturen werden 180 pm als van-der-Waals- bzw. lone-pair-Radius von Iod(V) vorgeschlagen. Raman-Spektren von Mg(IO3)2 · 10 H2O und das Ergebnis von DSC-Messungen sowie Röntgen- und Raman-Heizaufnahmen werden mitgeteilt und in Hinblick auf die Verzerrung der Iodationen und die Dehydratation des Decahydrats über das Tetrahydrat (308 K) zu Mg(IO3)2 (428 K) diskutiert.
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