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  • biological control  (14)
  • kairomones  (10)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 625-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052012
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of kairomones from host accessory gland secretion in host recognition by Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum, with partial characterization (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Telenomus remus ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Spodoptera fruigiperda ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; accessory gland ; host acceptance ; host recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude a utilisé une technique voisine de celle employée par Strand & Vinson (1982), pour examiner les réactions de parasitoïdes à des billes de verre enduites de substances, afin de déterminer l'influence des sécrétions des glandes annexes (AGM) de Spodoptera frugiperda et Heliothis zea dans le repérage des hôtes par Telenomus remus et Trichogramma pretiosum. Les femelles de T. remus réagissaient plus aux billes enduites d'AGM de S. frugiperda qu'aux billes témois non enduites; celles de T. pretiosum réagissaient plus aux billes enduites d'AGM de H. zea qu'aux témoins. T. remus n'a pas réagi aux billes enduites d'AGM de H. zea, ni T. pretiosum à celles enduites d'AGM de S. frugiperda. Les poids moléculaires des protéines des glandes annexes de H. zea sont 1.100 K et 50 K, et ceux de S. frugiperda de 700 K et 30 K (Strand & Vinson, 1983a). T. remus a mieux réagi aux billes enduites de la fraction 700 K de S. frugiperda qu'a celles enduites de la fraction 30 K, aux deux fractions de H. zea et aux billes témoins. Les billes enduites de la fraction 1.100 K de H. zea ont provoqué aussi une réaction significative de T. remus. Les sécrétions des glandes annexes de S. frugiperda et de H. zea contiennent des kairomones qui interviennent dans le repérage des hôtes respectifs de T. remus et de T. pretiosum. Mais, il semble peu probable que ces substances soient seules responsables de la reconnaissance de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract Accessory gland materials from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) contained kairomones that influenced the host recognition or acceptance behavior of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelonidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymeoptera: Trichogrammatidae), respectively. Material from S. frugiperda accessory glands stimulated ovipositor probing and drilling by female T. remus but not T. pretiosum. Accessory gland material from H. zea stimulated ovipositor probing and drilling by female T. pretiosum but not T. remus. An active material for T. remus is found in the 700 K protein fraction of accessory gland material from S. frugiperda. The oviposition behavior of the parasitoids is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XV. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acids ; moth scales ; Heliothis zea ; kairomones ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acids found in moth scales of laboratory-rearedHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths are hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, 2- (or 3-) furan carboxylic, phenylacetic, benzoic, sorbic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The last two of these acids are preservatives added to the artifical diet as sorbic acid and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. FemaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley exhibited increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs in the presence of some of these compounds in laboratory experiments. Exposure to a mixture of all of these compounds did not increase parasitization, and the elimination of acids from the crude moth-scale extract did not reduce parasitization by the wasps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987852
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control ; host finding ; host acceptance ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley to stimuli fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) and fromTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) was examined in the laboratory. Kairomones were responsible, at least in part, for the greater response to naturally depositedH. zea eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989072
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1597-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; biological control ; rearing on plant ; wind tunnels ; flight response ; preflight behavior ; imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson were reared fromHeliothis zea larvae fed either an artificial diet or a diet of cowpea seedlings. Responses of females from these two sources to semiochemicals from the insect hostcowpea complex were compared in a flight tunnel. Very limited responses were obtained from females reared from hosts fed artificial diet unless they first had preflight contact with frass from plant-fed hosts. Female parasite is reared from plant-fed hosts were generally responsive without preflight contact. Contact with cocoons containing frass of the plant fed host at the time of emergence was an important source of stimulation. It increased their subsequent responsiveness to the volatile semiochemicals of the insect host-plant complex. The cocoons of females reared from artificial diet-fed hosts were apparently lacking plant chemicals that are vital to their subsequent responsiveness. Imprinting of the adults at time of emergence from the cocoon is strongly indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012525
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. IV. Effect of kairomones on productivity and longevity ofTrichogmmma pretiosum riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasites ; productivity ; longevity ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kairomones in the scales ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased the percent parasitization, the number of progeny produced, and the longevity of femaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988025
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; biological control ; pest management ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone from adultHeliothis zea (Boddie) scales is an important factor in the host selection process ofTrichogrammapretiosum Riley. If the host density is sufficiently high (i.e., 1 egg/500 cm2) and higher), a complete coverage or solid treatment of kairomone spray may be the optimum for increasing parasitization rates, but this is not the case at lower host densities (e.g., 1 egg/2000 cm2). At the lower densities, the kairomone must be distributed in such a way as to retain the parasitoids in the target area without inhibiting their movement from one ovi-position site to the next. Simulated moth scale particles appear to fill this need since their density can be regulated to provide the optimum frequency of parasitoid stimulation and thus maximum rates of parasitization at prevailing host densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986552
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987616
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: II. Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitization byTrichogramma spp. (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 349-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma achaeae ; Heliothis zea ; biological control ; kairomones ; pest management ; parasitoids ; host finding ; insect behavior ; pheromones ; behavior chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When the effect of the kairomone, tricosane, on parasitization byTrichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti of eggs ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was studied in petri dish tests, the greatest percentage parasitization ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 64%) was obtained if the entire filter paper was treated. Treatment of smaller areas (about the eggs) resulted in decreased parasitism. In the greenhouse, highest parasitization ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 71%) byT. pretiosum (Riley) ofH. zea eggs placed on pea seedlings grown in pie pans was obtained if the whole pan was treated; lowest parasitism ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 29%) occurred when the pans were untreated. Parasitization was intermediate ( $$\mathop X\limits^\_$$ = 52%) in other pans treated only at selected spots. Dissections ofH. zea eggs collected from kairomonetreated and untreated field plots revealed that eggs ofTrichogramma spp. were more efficiently distributed (less superparasitism) among host eggs in treated plots. These kairomones increase parasitization ofTrichogramma spp. by releasing and continuously reinforcing an intensified searching behavior rather than by attracting and guiding the parasite directly to the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988837
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