Abstract
When the effect of the kairomone, tricosane, on parasitization byTrichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti of eggs ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was studied in petri dish tests, the greatest percentage parasitization (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 64%) was obtained if the entire filter paper was treated. Treatment of smaller areas (about the eggs) resulted in decreased parasitism. In the greenhouse, highest parasitization (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 71%) byT. pretiosum (Riley) ofH. zea eggs placed on pea seedlings grown in pie pans was obtained if the whole pan was treated; lowest parasitism (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 29%) occurred when the pans were untreated. Parasitization was intermediate (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 52%) in other pans treated only at selected spots. Dissections ofH. zea eggs collected from kairomonetreated and untreated field plots revealed that eggs ofTrichogramma spp. were more efficiently distributed (less superparasitism) among host eggs in treated plots. These kairomones increase parasitization ofTrichogramma spp. by releasing and continuously reinforcing an intensified searching behavior rather than by attracting and guiding the parasite directly to the host.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arthur, A.P. 1962. Influence of host tree on abundance ofItoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a polyphagous parasite of the European Pine Shoot Moth,Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae).Can. Entomol. 94:337–347.
Arthur, A.P., Hegdekar, B.M., andBatsch, W.W. 1972. A chemically defined, synthetic medium that induces oviposition in the parasite,Itoplectis conquisitor (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).Can. Entomol. 104:1251–1258.
Askew, R.R. 1961. A study of the biology of the genusMesoplobus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with cynipid galls on oaks.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 113:155–173.
Doutt, R.L. 1959. The biology of parasitic Hymenoptera.Ann. Rev. Entomol. 4:161–182.
Doutt, R.L. 1964. Biological characteristics of entomophagous adults, pp. 145–167,in P. DeBach (ed.), Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapmon and Hall Ltd., London.
Edwards, R.L. 1954. The host-finding and oviposition behavior ofMormoniella vitripennis (Walker) (Hym., Pteromalidae), a parasite of muscoid flies.Behavior 7:88–112.
Flanders, S.E. 1947. Elements of host discovery exemplified by parasitic Hymenoptera.Ecology 28:299–309.
Flanders, S.E. 1953. Variation in susceptibility of citrus infesting coccids to parasitization.J. Econ. Entomol. 46:266–269.
Hegdekar, B.M., andArthur, A.P. 1973. Host hemolymph chemicals that induce oviposition in the parasiteItoplectis conquisitor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).Can. Entomol. 105:787–793.
Hendry, L.B., Greany, P.D., andGill, R.J. 1973. Kairomone mediated host-finding behavior in the parasitic wasp,Orgilus lepidus.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 16:471–477.
Hokyo, N., andKiritani, K. 1966. Oviposition behaviour of two egg parasitesAsolcus mitsukurii Ashmead andTelenomus nakagawai Watanabe (Hym., Proctotrupoidae, Scelionidae).Entomophaga 11:191–201.
Jackson, D.J. 1966. Observations on the biology ofCaraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). III. The adult life and sex ratio.Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 118:23–49.
Jackson, D.J. 1968. Observations on the female reproductive organs and the poison apparatus ofCaraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae).Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 48:59–81.
Jones, R.L., Lewis, W.J., Beroza, M., Bierl, B.A., andSparks, A.N. 1973. Host-seeking stimulants (kairomones) for the egg parasite,Trichogramma evanescens.Environ. Entomol. 2:593–596.
Labeyrie, V. 1958. Facteurs conditionnant la ponte de Microgasterglobatus Nees.Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 63:62–66.
Laing, J. 1937. Host-finding by insect parasites. I. Observations on the finding of hosts byAlysia manducator, Mormoniella vitripennis, andTrichogramma evanescens.J. Anim. Ecol. 6:298–317.
Lathrop, G.H., andNewton, R.C. 1933. The biology ofOpius melleus Gahan, a parasite of the blueberry maggot.J. Agric. Res. 46:143–160.
Lewis, W.J. 1970. Life history and anatomy ofMicroplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite ofHeliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63:67–70.
Lewis, W.J., andRedlinger, L.M., 1969. Suitability of the almond moth,Cadra cautella, of various ages for parasitism byTrichogramma evanescens.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:1482–1484.
Lewis, W.J., Jones, R.L., andSparks, A.N. 1972. A host-seeking stimulant for the egg parasite,Trichogramma evanescens. Its source and demonstration of its laboratory and field activity.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:1087–1089.
Lewis, W.J., Jones, R.L., Nordlund, D.A., andSparks, A.N. 1975. Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. I. Evaluation for increasing rates of parasitism byTrichogramma spp. in the field.J. Chem. Ecol. 1(3):343–347.
Mudd, A., andCorbet, S.A. 1973. Mandibular gland secretion of larvae of stored products pestsAnagasta kuehniella, Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella, andEphestia einteilet.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 16:291–293.
Nishida, T. 1956. An experimental study of the ovipositional behavior ofOpius fletcheri Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a parasite of the melon fly.Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 16:126–134.
Nordlund, D.A.,Lewis, W J.,Gross, Jr., H.R., andHarrell, E.A. 1974. The description and evaluation of a procedure for field application of host eggs and kairomones forTrichogramma. Environ. Entomol, (in press).
Read, D.P., Feeny, P.P., andRoot, R.B. 1970. Habitat selection by the aphid parasiteDiaretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and hyperparasiteCharips brassicae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).Can. Entomol. 102:1567–1578.
Richerson, J.V., andBorden, J.H. 1972. Host finding behavior ofCoeloides brunneri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).Can. Entomol. 104:1235–1250.
Richerson, J.V., andDeloach, C.J. 1972. Some aspects of host selection byPerilitus coccinellae.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:834–839.
Ryan, R.B., andRudinsky, J.A. 1962. Biology and habits of the Douglas-Fir beetle parasite,Coeloides brunneri Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in western Oregon.Can. Entomol. 94:748–763.
Salt, G. 1935. Experimental studies in insect parasitism. III. Host selection.Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. B. 117:413–415.
Salt, G. 1958. Parasite behaviour and the control of insect pests.Endeavour July:145–148.
Simmonds, F.J. 1943. The occurrence of superparasitism inNemeritis canescens Grav.Rev. Can. Biol. 2:15–58.
Smith, H.D. 1943. Laboratory rearing ofMicrobracon vestiticida Vier, on the bean weevil, with notes on the life history of the parasite.J. Econ. Entomol. 36:101–104.
Thorpe, W.H., andCaudle, H.B. 1938. A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their hosts.Parasitology 30:523–528.
Ullyett, G.C. 1936. Host selection byMicroplectron fuscipennis, Zett. (Chalcididae, Hymenoptera).Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. B. 70:253–291.
Ullyett, G.C. 1953. Biomathematics and insect population problems.Mem. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 2:1–89.
Varley, G.C. 1941. On the search for hosts and the egg development of some chalcid parasites of the Knapweed Gallfly.Parasitology 33:47–66.
Vinson, S.B., andLewis, W.J. 1965. A method of host selection byCardiochiles nigriceps.J. Econ. Entomol. 58:869–871.
Wadley, F.M. 1967. Experimental Statistics in Entomology, 133 pp. Graduate School Press, USDA, Washington, D.C.
Wylie, H.G. 1958. Factors that affect host finding byMasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).Can. Entomol. 90:597–608.
Wylie, H.G. 1972. Chemical, visual and behavioral clues to host habitat and host location. Symposium, joint meeting of Entomological Society of America and Canada.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae.
In cooperation with the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station, Coastal Plain Station, Tifton, Georgia.
Mention of a proprietary product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement of this product by the USDA.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lewis, W.J., Jones, R.L., Nordlund, D.A. et al. Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: II. Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitization byTrichogramma spp.. J Chem Ecol 1, 349–360 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988837
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988837