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  • infrared detectors  (2)
  • Cosmic Microwave Background  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cryogenic blackbody for millimeter wavelengths (1984)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 5 (1984), S. 1507-1515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: cold load ; blackbody ; Cosmic Microwave Background
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a cryogenic blackbody reference, or cold load for millimeter wavelength radiation. This blackbody has an emissivity ε γ 0.99 over a two octave wavelength range. We use it as a standard when calibrating sensitive infrared photometers. The particular geometry of the blackbody described is influenced by our application. The basic design data and philosophy are described so that other designs can be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040502
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for infrared bolometers (1981)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 2 (1981), S. 1083-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: refrigeration ; infrared detectors ; bolometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators have been built and installed in small portable liquid helium cryostats to test the feasibility of this method of cooling infrared bolometric detectors to temperatures below 0.3K. Performance has been achieved which suggests that bolometer temperatures of 0.2K can be maintained for periods of ∼60 hours. Applications to sensitive infrared detection from ground based telescopes and space satellites are discussed. Design data are given which permit the evaluation of refrigerator performance for a variety of design parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved fabrication techniques for infrared bolometers (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 4 (1983), S. 689-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: infrared detectors ; composite bolometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Techniques are described for producing improved infrared bolometers from doped germanium. Ion implantation and sputter metalization have been used to make ohmic electrical contacts to Ge:Ga chips. This method results in a high yield of small monolithic bolometers with very little lowfrequency noise. When one of these chips is used as the thermometric element of a composite bolometer, it must be bonded to a dielectric substrate. The thermal resistance of the conventional epoxy bond has been measured and found to be undesirably large. A procedure for soldering the chip to a metalized portion of the substrate is described which reduced this resistance. The contribution of the metal film absorber to the heat capacity of a composite bolometer has been measured. The heat capacity of a NiCr absorber at 1.3K can dominate the bolometer performance. A Bi absorber has significantly lower heat capacity. A low-temperature blackbody calibrator has been built to measure the optical responsivity of bolometers. A composite bolometer system with a throughput of ∼0.1 sr cm2 has been constructed using our new techniques. In negligible background, it has an optical NEP of $$3.6 \cdot 10^{ - 15} W/\sqrt {Hz}$$ at 1.0K with a time constant of 20 ms. The noise in this bolometer is white above 2.5 Hz and is somewhat below the value predicted by thermodynamic equilibrium theory. It is in agreement with calculations based on a recent nonequilibrium theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009690
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