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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of tactile and other non-chemical factors on the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 147-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; visual stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay to test the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana, was developed, and various non-chemical factors that influenced the laying, and number of eggs laid, by females were tested. In choice experiments using various models, surface texture was found to be an important factor influencing ovipositional behaviour, with females preferring to lay on smoother rather than rougher surfaces. Another surface texture feature that influenced oviposition was a raised wax ridge on a smooth surface. The wax ridge stimulated more eggs to be laid within close proximity to the ridge. Observations of females showed that the increased numbers of eggs laid on models with a wax ridge resulted not from increased landing, time spent, or numbers of eggs laid per ovipositional bout, but rather through an increased probability of ovipositing after landing on models with a wax ridge compared to models without the ridge. Spatial features of the models were also found to influence egglaying by females. Females showed a tendency to lay on the upper rather than the lower surface of models, although this appeared to depend upon how stimulatory the upper surface of the model was. Females also laid more eggs on models with a dense array of leaves than on models with a more spread-out array.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002959605202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trapping and sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviour of maleCtenopseustis obliquana (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; brownheaded leafroller ; pheromone ; orientation ; Epiphyas postvittana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone-baited delta trap was found to be inefficient at eliciting landing and entering of the trap by maleCtenopseustis obliquana. The inefficiency of the delta trap related to turbulence altering the pheromone plume and the concomitant effect on the flight manoeuvres of male moths. In the wind tunnel, high proportions of males flew upwind and landed on the sides, outside, of the trap, but only a relatively small proportion of these males entered the trap and contacted the sticky surface. When males approached the delta trap, they tended to fly in wide zigzags (i.e., large inter-track reversal distances) and at an altitude near the top of the trap, where the trap was relatively narrow in width (compared to the bottom). Thus, these flight manoeuvres largely precluded males from entering the trap. Greater numbers of male moths entered the trap when: (i) the front barriers of the delta trap were removed, (ii) pheromone dosage was increased to 300 μg, and (iii) the trap design was changed to a rectangular one. The first two changes appeared to influence the flight manoeuvres of males (who appeared to fly with narrower inter-track reversal distances), while the third change apparently did not affect the glight manoeuvres of males, but rather allowed more males to enter the trap because of the greater area of the entrance. The low trap catches of maleC. obliquana in the field are also a consequence of the glue which is currently used. After contact with this glue most males are able to escape, flying off the sticky surface and losing contact with the pheromone. A field trial found that delta traps with another glue caught more than three times the number of males of the related tortricid moth,Epiphyas postvittana, than delta traps with the currently used glue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual behaviour of neonata larvae of the light brown apple moth (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Epiphyas postvittana ; orientation ; movement ; colour ; stemmata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When neonate larvae of a leafroller moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were released into the middle of a circular arena with blue paper on one side of the arena and apple foliage on the other side, more larvae walked towards the apple foliage. These oriented responses were enhanced, in terms of the number of larvae responding, by increasing the amount of light reflected from or transmitted through apple foliage. Larvae also responded to painted targets, and specifically to targets reflecting light in the region of 470–570 nm (green-yellow region to the human eye). When the amount of 470–570 nm reflected from targets was reduced, numbers of larvae responding to targets decreased. The addition of 400–500 nm reflected light to 470–570 nm reflected light also resulted in a reduction of oriented responses to targets. Tests using neutral colours (white, black, and a series of greys) indicated that, in the absence of targets reflecting primarily in the 470–570 nm region, larvae oriented towards targets with low levels of reflectance. When the orientation of walking larvae was measured at various distances from targets of different colours or diameters, targets subtending 5–8 degrees elicited responses from 50% of all larvae. Behaviour other than walking was also influenced by visual stimuli: fewer larvae spun down on a silken thread when blue paper was placed beneath a walking platform than when brown or green papers were present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383067
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Z-linked inheritance of male olfactory response to sex pheromone components in two species of tortricid moths, Ctenopseustis obliquana and Ctenopseustis sp. (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Inheritance ; receptor ; single sensillum ; electrophysiology ; Ctenopseustis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; olfactory response ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions olfactives des sensilles mâles sensibles aux phéromones ont été examinées par enregistrement de l'extrémité de la sensille chez les tordeuses C. obliquana Walker et C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Les enregistrements ont porté sur 281 sensilles des lignées parentales et des croisements réciproques de F1, F2 et de croisements en retour maternel et paternel. Les résultats des enregistrements d'une sensille ont été soumis à une analyse en composantes principales. Chez les mâles de chaque lignée parentale un seul type physiologique de sensille a été découvert; une cellule répond par un pic grand au principal constituant de la phéromone femelle conspécifique. (Z)-8-acétate tétradécényl (Z8-14:OAc) pour C. obliquana, et (Z)-5-acétate tétradécényl (Z5-14:OAc) pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Une seconde type de cellule dans les sensilles des deux espèces de mâles présente un pic petit pour Z5-14:OAc et pour l'acétate tétradécyl (14:OAc) chez C. obliquana, et pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’ au Z8-14:OAc. Les réponses des sensilles des différents types de mâles hybrides sont plus hétérogènes que celles des sensilles de leurs pères. Un schéma général pourrait cependant être décelé, correspondant au schéma prévu avec une hérédité d'un facteur dominant liée au sexe sur le chromosome Z de C. sp. ‘ropeana’. La variation plus accentuée chez les hybrides ne peut être expliquée par ce modèle, et pourrait impliquer des gènes additionnels.
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory response from male pheromone sensitive sensilla was investigated in the endemic New Zealand brownheaded leafrollers Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. sp. ‘ropeana’ (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The responses from 281 sensilla from the parental strains and from both the reciprocal crosses, including F1, F2 and maternal and paternal backcrosses were recorded, and statistically analysed using a multivariate analysis. In males of both the parental strains, a large amplitude cell responded to the main pheromone component of the conspecific female, in C. obliquana (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14:OAc). Both male types also possessed a small amplitude cell, which in C. obliquana responded weakly to Z5-14:OAc and tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ responded to Z8-14:OAc. The responses from the different types of hybrid males were more variable than the responses from parental males. A main pattern could, however be seen, corresponding with the expected pattern in a sex-linked inheritance on the Z-chromosome of a C. sp ‘ropeana’ type dominant genetic factor. The more pronounced variation in the hybrids could not be explained by this model, and might be due to the involvement of additional genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187995
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a vertical object on the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of the male lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 465-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: orientation ; turbulence ; visual cues ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A small (2.5-cm-wide) vertical (10-cm-high) white object influenced the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleEpiphyas postvittana. When the vertical object was positioned on a horizontal surface to the side (3–5 cm) and upwind of a pheromone source (in the middle of the surface), the distribution of landing positions of males on the surface was different from that when the object was not present; males tended to land in positions skewed toward the side of the source that the object was on. The closer the object was positioned to the source, the greater the number of males that landed on the object (rather than on the horizontal surface). This difference in landing positions (when the object was present) corresponded with changes in the flight tracks; the tracks of males flying to the surface with an object were skewed toward the object and had higher amplitude intertrack reversal distances than the tracks of males flying to a surface without a vertical object. Positioning of a vertical object progressively upwind of the source resulted, apparently, in decreased effects on the landing (and presumably flight) behavior of males. The effect of the vertical object on the flight and landing behaviors of males corresponded largely with changes in pheromone plume structure (visualized with smoke) induced by the extra turbulence in the airflow over the source. Thus it appears that the vertical object influences the behavior of maleE. postvittana largely through the olfactory sensory modality. However, when a clear, Mylar object, in place of the white object, was placed on the surface, more males landed on the Mylar object (than did on the white object), suggesting that the vertical object may also influence the behavior of males through the visual modality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995320
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047981
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wind tunnel studies of sex pheromone-mediated behavior of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2421-2435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hessian fly ; Mayetiola destructor ; Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; flight ; anemotaxis ; orientation ; olfaction ; enantiomer ; mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a wind-tunnel, male Hessian flies flying toward a source of the female-produced sex pheromone exhibited flight maneuvers very similar to those described for male moths. Upwind flight, consisting of zigzagging and straight flight upwind, was initiated within seconds after flies were placed in the odor plume. This upwind flight was sometimes interrupted by casting, which consisted of wide excursions in the horizontal plane ranging 10–35 cm across the central zone of the tunnel. Comparison of the flight maneuvers of males exposed to ten female equivalents of a hexane extract of female ovipositors and males exposed to 20 ng of (2S)-(E)10-tridecen-2-yl acetate (SE10-13:OAc), which has been identified as a component of the Hessian fly sex pheromone, indicated that the sex pheromone probably contains additional components. However, SE10-13: OAc elicited upwind flight and source location by a significant number of males, even at dosages as low as 2 ng on filter paper. At the highest dosage of SE10-13:OAc tested (200 ng on filter paper), there was a significant decrease in net flight velocity and a slight, but not significant, reduction in the number of males contacting the odor source. The addition of increasing amounts of the R enantiomer to the S enantiomer resulted in increased inhibition of upwind flight and source contact by males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994591
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific variation of two components in sex pheromone gland ofPlanotortrix excessana sibling species (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromones ; Planotortrix excessana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; leafroller ; intraspecific variation ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components, (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates, in the sex pheromone gland of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species, were found to vary continuously from a ratio of 3∶97 to 71∶29 in individual female moths reared from wild larvae collected around New Zealand. Two laboratory colonies were established from populations representing extremes of these ratios. Although both the ratios and the total quantities of the components in individual female moths from both colonies were significantly different from each other, there was a small number of females that overlapped in both ratio and quantity. The variation was confirmed as intraspecific in a field cage experiment with male moths from both populations mating with tethered female moths from both populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014692
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of male epiphyasPostvittana (walker) to sex pheromone-baited delta trap in a wind tunnel (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1449-1468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; traps ; wind tunnel ; behavior ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Planotortrix octo ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of parameters associated with a Delta sticky trap on the sex pheromone-mediated responses of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) were tested in a wind tunnel. Males flying to a pheromone source landed closer to the source when other males were stuck on the base, suggesting the importance of visual cues in the landing behavior of males of this species. With an increase in time (numerical order of the male in the experiment), males became stuck on the base farther from the source whether or not other males were stuck on the base. The alignment of the trap to the wind or the location of the pheromone source within the trap did not significantly affect the percentages of males that entered the trap, but both significantly affected the position at which males entered the trap. When these data were corrected for the probability of catching males, a treatment with the source to the side of the trap was predicted to catch more moths than the other treatments tested, although this difference was not significant. However, in a field-trapping experiment the treatment with the source to the side caught significantly more moths than treatments with the source either in the middle or near the top of the trap. This latter result is probably due to the greater efficiency of the trap when the source is in this position, as indicated in the wind-tunnel experiment, rather than an increase in the numberof males entering the trap. Finally, the pheromone-mediated responses of malePlanotortrix octo were tested to the various trap alignments. As the angle of the trap to the wind increased, significantly fewerP. octo males entered the trap, due principally to both fewer males orienting to the source and proceeding to enter the trap after having landed on it. This difference between the responses ofP. octo andE. postvittana males is, we believe, due to the breakdown in plume structure from the source as the trap angle to the wind increases and to a greater sensitivity ofP. octo males to a more structured pheromone plume. This accounts, at least to some extent, for the consistently greater field catches ofE. postvittana overP. octo (and possibly other New Zealand leafroller moths) in many locations throughout New Zealand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983776
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Stimuli from Camellia japonica on Ovipositional Behavior of Generalist Herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1251-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; chemical stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; light-brown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stimuli from the plant Camellia japonica that influence the host-finding and acceptance behaviors of adult females of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. In a binary choice test in a small (35-cm-diam.) arena, females discriminated between a plant and a laminated card model, laying many more eggs on the plant. Observations of females showed that the greater number of eggs laid on the plant were primarily due to on-plant behaviors, with females spending significantly more time per visit on the plant than on the model. Interestingly, females landed a similar number of times on the plant as on the model, suggesting that volatile chemicals from the plant did not influence host-finding. This observation was further supported by wind-tunnel studies, in which females showed little or no upwind flight activity in response to plants and laid similar numbers of eggs on upwind and downwind plants. Leaf surface texture, a combination of smoothness and fine structure (consisting of the midvein and other raised leaf veins), was found to stimulate egg laying by females. Methanol, dichloromethane, and pentane extracts were made of the waxes on the leaf surface. Of these three extracts, only the nonpolar (pentane) one stimulated egg laying by females. Although we did not find a role for volatile plant chemicals in host finding, they appeared to stimulate increased egg laying when the female was on the plant. It appears likely that these chemical and tactile stimuli in C. japonica are general stimuli, which may be found in a large number of plants and, in combination with the feeding preferences of the larva, may explain the generalist herbivorous nature of this pest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022455120922
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