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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DTA ; hyphenated technique (EGA) ; sample robot ; TG ; thermobalance ; SDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A thermogravimetric unit is described having horizontal furnace arrangement, a temperature range of up to 1100°C and unsurpassed dynamic weighing range from 0 to 2 g at 0.1 μg resolution. Options of the system are sample robot, gas controller, high temperature furnace and hyphenated EGA techniques. In addition to the TG, the SDTATM curve allows the detection of endo-or exothermal effects (analogous to DTA or DSC) to a resolution of 5 mK.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 365-374 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: compositional analysis ; event separation ; heating rate ; MaxRes ; softening ; TG ; TMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional thermogravimetric analysis (TG) uses constant heating rates to determine decomposition rates of a material and compositional analysis. Often, the decomposition steps can not be separated clearly enough due to parallel or consecutive reactions. If the reaction rates and the respective activation energies are enough different the TG resolution can be much enhanced by lowering the heating rate during the decomposition steps. The automated discrete adjustment of the heating rate is controlled by a set of parameters, such as threshold values, waiting times and rate factors. This technique, called MaxRes, allows for faster compositional analysis without loss of resolution. The same technique is also applicable to thermomechanical analysis (TMA) if time/temperature dependent events such as softening are to be separated.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray structures of the Cu2+ complexes of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane derivatives with an ethylpro-pionate and diethylphosphonate group, 5 and 6, respectively, indicate that the metal ion is pentacoordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and one O-atom. In the case of 5, it is the carbonyl O-atom of the carboxylate group, whereas for 6 it is the phosphonyl O-atom of the phosphonate group. The hydrolysis kinetics of the functional group in the Cu2+ complexes with the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes 3-6 have been measured by pH-stat and stopped-flow techniques. The rate law for the hydrolysis of the carboxylates 3-5 is proportional to the complex concentration and to [OH-] up to pH 13, whereas that of the phosphonate 6 is proportional to [OH-] up to pH 11.5, becoming independent of [OH-] at pH 〉 11.5. The mechanisms of these two reactions are discussed, considering the possibility of an intra- or an intermolecular OH- attack and the results of the X-ray structure analyses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two tetraazamacrocycle-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic acids H4dota and H4teta form with Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ (M2+) mononuclear complexes MLH2 and M′[ML], M′ being an alkaline earth ion. The structures of Ni(H2dota) and Cu(H2dota) have been solved by X-ray structure analysis. The metal ions are in a distorted octahedral geometry coordinated by four amino N-atoms and two carboxylates. In the case of Cu2+, the distortions are more pronounced than for Ni2+ indicating that the Jahn-Teller effect is operating. Starting from these two structures, the coordination geometry of the other complexes is discussed using VIS and IR spectra.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solution studies of the Cu2+ complex with 11-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane(L) indicate that, depending on the pH and on the age of the solution, different species are present. Dissolving the solid [CuL](ClO4)2 in slightly acidic solution gives the protonated complex AH, characterized by an absorption maximum at 574 nm, by a relatively fast proton-induced dissociation kinetics and by the typical colour change in basic solution to give the deprolonated form A with coordinated side chain. AH slowly interconverts in acidic solution to a new species BH, which has an absorption maximum at 547 nm, and which is kineticaily more stable against acid dissociation and shows no coordination of the amino group of the side chain. In alkaline solution, however, the deprotonated form B deliver A in a base induced reaction. The X-ray diffraction studies of A and BH allow to determine the geometry of the metal ion and the configuration of the macrocycle. In A, the Cu2+ is pentacoordinated by the five N-atoms of the ligand and the macrocycle is in the RRSR configuration, whereas in BH the Cu2+ is octahedrally coordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and two axial perchlorate O-atoms with the macrocycle in the RRRS configuration. The amino group of the side chain is protonated and not coordinated. Thus, the on/off equilibrium of the side chain not only changes the geometry of the metal ion, as is generally found, but also alters the macrocyclic moiety.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1325-1333 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N2S2-macrocycles with ring sizes varying between 12 and 16, as well as two 12-membered N2S2-rings with a pendant carboxylic and amino group, respectively, were synthesized. Their complexation properties towards Ag+ were studied by pH titrations and by potentiometry with a silver electrode. The observation that 1:1 ([AgLH2]3+, [AgLH]2+, [AgL]+) and 1:2 species ([AgL2H2]3+, [AgL2H]2+, [AgL2]+) were formed is interpreted by postulating that Ag+ can bind either to the S-donors only, or to both the N- and S-atoms. The most stable complex [AgL]+ in the series of the nonfunctionalized macrocycles was found for the 12-membered N2S2-ring 3. The stability of it increased when an additional donor group was introduced into the side chain. The highest formation constant (logβ110 = 14.43(1)) was obtained with the 12-membered ring 12 carrying the ethanamine side chain. In view of a radiochemical application, all Ag+ complexes were tested in blood serum for their stability, but were not stable enough against transmetallation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three N2S2 macrocycles (3, 10, 12) carrying an amino group as a pendant arm have been synthesized and their complexation properties towards Ni2+ and Cu2+ studied. The crystal structures of the Cu2+ complexes with 10-methyl-1,4-dithia-7,10-diazacyclododecane-7-ethanamine (3) and 11-methyl-1,4-dithia-8,11-diazacyclotetradecane-8-ethanamine (10) show that, in both cases, the Cu2+ is pentacoordinated by the four donor atoms of the macrocycle and the amino group of the side chain. In aqueous solution, however, two forms of the complexes with stoichiometries [MLH] and [ML] (M = Cu2+ or Ni2+) have been observed. In [MLH], the amino group is protonated and does not bind to the metal ion, whereas in [ML] the amino group is bound, and a pentacoordinated geometry results. The pKa values for the equilibrium [ML] + H+⇌[MLH]+ decrease in the order 12 〉 10 〉 3, indicating that the 2-aminoethyl side chain binds better to the Cu2+ than the 3-aminopropyl side chain. Cyclic voltammetry for the Cu2+/Cu+ pair shows that the 2-aminoethyl pendant arm stabilizes the Cu2+ oxidation state, when the metal ion is in the 14-membered ring (10), whereas it stabilizes Cu+ for the 12-membered macrocycle (3).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Azeitidinodiazepines 4b and 4c react with acylnitroso dienophiles 5a-c, specifically from their convexe α-side, but in a non-regiospecific way, leading thereby stereospecifically to the expected adducts 6a-d and 7a-d. The three-dimensional structures of 6a and 7a were determined by X-ray analyses which corroborated their NMR data. OsO4 cis-glycolization occurred in good yield with the inverse adducts 7a and 7e and led to the rearranged products 10. These latter ones result from an intramolecular N- to O-transbenzoylation of the short-lived intermediates 9 followed by fragmentation of the animal function. X-Ray analysis of 7a showed the N(10) atom to be pyramidal, a result which demonstrates that it does not have any pronounced benzamide character; otherwise no such N- to O-transbenzoylation would have taken place. Structure and relative configuration of 10a were ascertained by X-ray analysis which confirmed its NMR data as well as the stereochemical outcome of its formation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sambucinic acid (5), a C15-trichothecene with a modified strure, has been isolated from cultures of Fusarium sambucinum. The structure is established by spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. A hypothetical biogenetic pathway is proposed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and complexation properties of 1,4-dimethyl-8-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetra-decane (2) are described. This ligand forms with Cu2+ two complexes, one of which has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The structural, spectral, and kinetic studies indicate that the two Cu2+ complexes are isomers with the macrocycle in the trans-III and trans-I configuration. The rate of the interconversion of the trans-I isomer to the thermodynamically more stable trans-III species is proportional to [OH-]. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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