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  • 1
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    No new limit on size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is argued that the results of Carter et al. (1976), who derived an upper limit to the balloon intensity of small gamma-ray bursts at about 100 below the extrapolated known size spectrum and therefore concluded that the gamma-ray bursts are of galactic origin, are entirely consistent with the -1.5 index power-law extrapolation, so that no conclusion regarding the origin of gamma-ray bursts can be drawn. A reply of Carter et al. is published. Points at issue include: (1) whether a selection criterion of three successive 0.6-sec increases in the gamma-ray count rate ignores a significant or only a small number of events, (2) whether the spectra of all bursts extend below 100 keV, the satellite energy threshold, and (3) the required correction for the distortion of a horizontal, flat detector.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Search for gamma-ray bursts with coincident balloon flights (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dual balloon experiments were flown at separations of over 1,500 km in an attempt to determine whether cosmic gamma-ray bursts could be detected in the size region of 10 to the -7th power to several times 10 to the -6th power erg per sq cm, that is, below the apparent bend in the size spectrum of Vela events as described by Strong and Klebesadel. Fluctuations of the counting rates of photons above 150 keV with temporal structures from microseconds to several minutes were compared in order to detect coincident or associated responses from the two instruments. No coincident gamma-ray burst events were detected. Associated counting rate increases were detected, presenting a background, event-confusing problem for any single gamma-ray burst instrument beneath the earth's trapped radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 21
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei to above 100 GeV per nucleon (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei boron to iron have been measured from 2 GeV per nucleon to beyond 100 GeV per nucleon. The data were obtained using an ionization calorimeter flown on a balloon from Palestine, Texas. The 3450 kg payload floated at 7 g/sq cm for almost 24 hours. The results are in excellent agreement with those of other workers where overlaps exist. The spectra are not consistent with single power laws, and demonstrate the power of using a single technique sensitive over a large dynamic range. The data are consistent with the leaky box model of cosmic-ray propagation. The boron data indicate that the cosmic-ray escape length decreases with increasing energy as E to the -(0.4 + or - 0.1) up to 100 GeV per nucleon. Secondary nuclei from iron are also consistent with this dependence. Predicted changes in the energy dependence of the ratios of primary nuclei O/C and (Fe + Ni)/(C + O) are also observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Energy Spectra of Cosmic Ray Nuclei to Above 100 Gev/nucleon (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The chemical composition cosmic rays as a function of energy in the range of a few GeV/nucleon to some hundreds of GeV/nucleon for boron through iron are presented. The experiment combined an ionization spectrometer and a gas Cherenkov counter, which was flown on a balloon, to perform two different and independent energy measurements. The experimental apparatus is described in detail. The energy dependence of the cosmic ray escape length for boron and iron is reported and predicted changes in the energy dependence of the ratios of primary nuclei 0/C and iron/C+0 are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80587
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    A distance limit for a class of model gamma-ray burst sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gamma ray burst sources are presumably not larger than 10 to the 9th power cm as inferred from observed flux variations. If they are homogeneous and isotropically radiating, then from photon density considerations, they would have to be optically thick due to gamma-gamma pair production when assumed to be too far away. Deviations of observed photo spectra from an exponential shape around 1 MeV lead to an upper limit of the possible distance of such sources of only 2 kpc from the sun. Thus the sources must be galactic unless the radiation is highly beamed or emerges from a relativistically moving shell. This conclusion depends only on observed parameters. The possible presence of particles and fields in the sources would require them to be even closer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78053 , X-661-77-152
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    No new limit on the size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a study (Carter et. al.) of gamma ray bursts using long duration balloon exposure are analyzed. Arguments are presented against the conclusion that the size spectrum extrapolates to a power law with index from -1.0 to -0.5, and that therefore the gamma ray bursts are of galactic origin. It is claimed that the data are consistent with an upper limit over 100 times that proposed, and that therefore no conclusion can be drawn from the measurements regarding the nature or origin of gamma ray bursts. The resulting upper limit to the rate of occurrence of small bursts lies above the -1.5 index power law extrapolation of the size spectrum of known events, i.e., greater than the rate expected from an infinitely extended source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71205 , X-661-76-222
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  • 7
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    Use of thin ionization calorimeters for measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reliability of performing measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra with a thin ionization calorimeter was investigated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine whether energy response fluctuations would cause measured spectra to be different from the primary spectra. First, Gaussian distributions were assumed for the calorimeter energy resolutions. The second method employed a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of cascades from an isotropic flux of protons. The results show that as long as the energy resolution does not change significantly with energy, the spectral indices can be reliably determined even for sigma sub e/e = 50%. However, if the energy resolution is strongly energy dependent, the measured spectra do not reproduce the true spectra. Energy resolutions greatly improving with energy result in measured spectra that are too steep, while resolutions getting much worse with energy cause the measured spectra to be too flat.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71198 , X-661-76-221
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  • 8
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    An instrument to measure the spectrum of cosmic ray iron and other nuclei to above 100 GeV-nucleon (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne detector system for extending the study of cosmic ray composition to the energy region beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The instrument incorporates an ionization calorimeter and a gas Cherenkov counter filled with freon for the determination of energies, and a charge module, consisting of scintillation and a lucite Cherenkov counter, for determining the charge of the incoming particle. The scintillators were utilized to determine the position of the incoming particle in addition to its charge. The characteristics of these detectors with respect to resolution, and the methods employed in laboratory calibration, cross-checks with flight data and actual performance in the flights are described in detail. Monte Carlo simulation of the ionization calorimeter and comparison of the response of the calorimeter and gas Cherenkov counter for complex nuclei was used to convert the observed calorimeter signal to absolute energy in a consistent manner.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79677
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Response of a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer to hadrons with primary energies in the range 5-300 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Search for gamma ray bursts with coincident balloon flights (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A search was conducted for cosmic gamma ray bursts of small size and of sufficient frequency of occurrence to be detected during a one day observation program. Two similar detectors, successfully balloon-borne from launch sites in South Dakota and Texas, achieved about 20 hours of simultaneous operation at several millibars atmospheric depth, with continuous separation of over 1,500 km. Fluctuations of the counting rates of less than 150 keV photons with temporal structures from microseconds to several minutes were compared in order to detect coincident or associated responses from the two instruments. No coincident gamma-ray burst events were detected. The resulting integral size spectrum of small bursts, from this and from all other searches, remains a spectrum of upper limits, consistent with an extrapolation of the size spectrum of the largest known bursts, fitting a power low of index -1.5.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71250 , X-661-76-278
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