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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Festkörperrcaktionen. die zur Bildung von Polymer-Kristallen führen. werden diskutiert und es wird gezeigt, wie man die Ergebnisse der morphologischen Untersuchungen dazu verwenden kann, den Mechanismus der Festkörperpolymerisation aufzuklären. Beispiele für die folgenden drei Mechanismen werden im einzelnen behandelt: (a) Kristallisation der makromolckularen Ketten nach der Polymerisation, (b) simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation, (c) Polymerisation in fester Lösung.Als ein Beispiel für Kristallisation nach bereits erfolgter Polymerisation wird die Morphologie von Ziegler-Natta Olefin-Polymerisaten diskutiert. Ein anderes Beispiel dafür liefert die kationische Polymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan aus Lösungen. Es wird gezeigt. daß in diesem Fall das System einem thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht zwischen der kristallinen Phase des Polymeren und dem gelösten Monomeren zustrebt. Dabei findet durch Aufbrechen der Kettenfalten und Einbau von Monomereinheiten ein Dickenwachstum der Kristalle statt, das schließlich zur Entstehung von gestrecktkettigen Kristallen durch diese Transacctalisierung führt.Die durch Bestrahlung oder katalytisch induzierte Festkörperpolymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan oder 1,3,5,7-Tetroxan stellt ein Beispiel für simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation dar. Einige molekulare Modelle für das Wachstum der Ketten werden auf Grund der morphologischen Beobachtung entwickelt. Es zeigt sich, daß bei diesen Reaktionen im allgemeinen keine wirklichen gestrecktkettigen Kristalle des Poly(oxymethylen)s. (POM) entstehen; Ursache dafür ist entweder Kettenfaltung (Dichtefluktuation entlang der Faserachse) oder Zwillingsbildung (Orienticrungsfluktuation). Art und Ursprung der Zwillingsbildung von POM aus kristallinem 1,3,5-Trioxan wird im einzelnen erörtert.Die topochemische Polymerisation von Monomeren mit konjugierten Dreifachbindungen gibt ein Beispiel für Polymerisation in fester Lösung. Die Polymerketten wachsen als isolierte Einheiten im Gitter des Monomeren. In einigen Fällen kann das gesamte Monornere ohne Phasentrennung umgesetzt werden. Dadurch entstehen makroskopische Polymer-Einkristalle aus gestreckten Ketten. die bisher noch nicht auf andere Weise dargestellt werden konnten.
    Notes: Some solid-state reactions which give rise to the formation of polymer crystals are discussed and the observation of the nascent polymer morphology is used as a guide-line to learn about the reaction mechanism of solid-state polymerizations. Examples for the following three different mechanisms are treated in detail: (a) crystallization succeeding polymerization, (b) simultaneous polymerization and crystallization, and (c) polymerization in solid solution.The nascent morphology of poly(alkylene)s obtained by Ziegler-Natta catalysis is taken as an example for crystallization succeeding polymerization. Another example is the cationic polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane from solution. In this case a thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases of the solid crystalline polymer and the dissolved monomer is approached; here, by breaking up chain folds and insertion of monomeric units, an increase in thickness of the crystals takes place, which finally leads to extended chain crystals by this transacetalization.The solid-state polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane and 1,3,5,7-tetroxane as induced by high-energy radiation or catalysts is described as an example for simultaneous polymerization and crystallization. Possible molecular models of the chain growth are developed on the basis of the morphological observations. Truly extended chain crystals of poly(oxymethylene), (POM), cannot be obtained generally from solid 1,3,5-trioxane or 1,3,5,7-tetroxane; the reason for this is either chain-folding (density fluctuation along the fibre axis) or “twin”-structure formation (orientation fluctuation). The nature and origin of the “twin”-structure of POM from crystalline 1,3,5-trioxane is discussed in detail.Topochemical polymerization of monomers with conjugated triple-bonds is an example for polymerization in solid solution. The polymer chains grow as isolated macromolecules within the monomer lattice. Since quantitative conversion can be reached in some cases without phase separation, this comprises a method to produce macroscopic, extended chain polymer single crystals, which so far could not be prepared by another method.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2573-2576 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2013-2029 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystalline 1,4-diethynylnaphthalene (1) is photochemically polymerized in the solid state by a radical mechanism. Only the chain initiation step is induced by light, whereas chain propagation also occurs in the dark. The polymerization is controlled by diffusion processes within partially melted domains of the crystal, ultimately leading to a completely disordered system. The reaction rate, however, also depends on the packing of the monomer in the crystal lattice and - in the beginning of the reaction - the polymer chains have a preferential orientation with regard to the crystal axes of the monomer. Radical polymerization in solution indicates that - due to the lack of effective chain termination steps - 1 can be polymerized rather effectively as compared to other acetylenes. The photochemically induced polymerization is approximately of second order with regard to monomer concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2993-2996 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of some series of oligo(oxytetramethylene oxyterephthaloyl) [oligo(butylene terephthalate)s] with different but well-defined end groups is described. The separation of artificial mixtures of the oligomers by high pressure liquid chromatography was studied under various elution and column conditions, and thus, the purity of the individual oligomers was demonstrated. The equilibrium melting point Tm0 = 236 ± 4°C and the corresponding heat of melting ΔHm0 = 28,7 kJ·mol-1 of poly(butylene terephthalate) was determined from the analysis of the melting behaviour of the oligomers as depending on the degree of polymerization and the structure of the end groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1981), S. 155-175 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent experimental results concerning the crystal structure and morphology of nascent cis-poly-acetylene and pristine trans-polyacetylene are discussed. The unit cell data of cis-PA and two different modifications of trans-PA are reported. The chlorination and the hydrogenation of PA both of which give soluble derivatives under certain experimental circumstances are critically discussed. PA prepared by the Shirakawa technique has a lamellar morphology with some evidence for chain folding and not a fibirillar texture as sometimes assumed. The synthesis and spectral properties of polyenylanions and -cations are reported as a new class of polyconjugated macromolecules. The so-called doping of PA to produce highly conducting phases is explained as a chemical reaction giving rise to intermolecular CT-interaction.Finally, some new experiments concerning the solution properties of polydiacetylenes and the question of effective conjugation length in polyunsaturated polymers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the cationic polymerization of trioxane initiated by perchloric acid is analyzed as a simultaneous polymerization and crystallization process. The details of the crystal growth such as nucleation, distribution of crystal sizes, development of growth spirals etc. have been investigated by electron and light microscopic techniques. The mechanism of polymerization can be understood as a catalyzed crystal growth. A well defined population of crystals is formed during a nucleation event at the start of the polymerization. An adsorption equilibrium with regard to the catalyst is then established in the presence of the rather large surface area of the growing polymer crystals. Assuming a Langmuir-type adsorption behaviour, the observed growth features (growth spirals) can be quantitatively interpreted on the basis of the BCF-theory of crystal growth. The current concepts on the molecular mechanism of cationic polymerization of cyclic formals have been modified such as to take into account that each chemical step of the polymerization is a building step of the crystal too.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 3625-3638 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The supermolecular structure of melt-crystallized segmented copoly(ether ester)s based on poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) is investigated by polarizing microscopy and electron microscopic techniques. Spherulites are formed on isothermal crystallization at supercoolings ΔTu 〈 30°C. The spherulites recrystallize to form dendritic structures on further annealing at higher temperatures. The spherulites and dendrites are builtup from lamellae which exhibit little variation concerning the thickness of their crystalline core. The internal phase boundaries in these systems are made visible with a newly developed staining method. A network of interlocked individual lamellae is formed on rapid quenching of the melt films. Row crystallization (shish-kebabs) is observed, if the melt is sheared during the crystallization. It is concluded from these observations that the chemical structure of the segmented copolymers bears little relevance for the supermolecular structure of these materials except for the thickness of the crystalline core of the lamellae which seems to be related to the molecular length of the hard segment sequences occurring with the highest concentration in the sample.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photoinduced formation of oligomers in single crystals of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine (DSP) was investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and also by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The DSP crystals were characterized for the presence and nature of dislocations by dark-field images and etch-pit studies. Small angle grain boundaries were identified to be the prominent feature, but in general the crystals were highly perfect. A correlation between the sites of the defects and the formation of the photoproduct could not be detected. The oligomers formed in a solid-solution under appropriate irradiation conditions. Thus, DSP oligomer of number average degree of polymerization P̄n = 3,2 in macroscopic single crystal texture was obtained for the first time using a laser light source at 478 nm. Deterioration of the single crystal texture of DSP usually observed during photopolymerization is explained as being caused by inhomogeneous light distribution which in turn causes an inhomogeneous product distribution with accumulation of large strain fields. These can be made visible by the multiplication of etch pits. Phase separation between oligomer and polymer is observed on further irradiation of the oligomer single crystals. The oligomer phase seems to play the role of an intermediate in the photopolymerization of DSP at wavelengths λ 〈 400 nm. The molecular weight distribution of the oligomers was studied by GPC. The data are only compatible with the assumption that the rate constant of dimerization is higher than that for the addition of a monomer to an already existing oligomer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel synthetic route to (2E,4E)-6-amino-2,4-hexadienoic acid (1) and related ω-aminodiene compounds is reported. These substances form layer perovskites, CdCl4(NH3 - R)2, that furnish stereoregular 1,4-polybutadienes upon γ-irradiation in a topochemical solid state reaction. The synthesis of a chiral derivative is also described, that can be crystallized in a perovskite structure and polymerized by γ-rays. An ambivalent solid state reactivity is observed for the hydrochloride of 1: γ-rays induce a chain reaction leading to a polymer of identical chemical structure and stereochemistry as reported for the perovskite, but with higher molecular weight. Upon UV-irradiation, however, the hydrochloride undergoes a stereoselective (2+2)-cycloaddition to a cyclobutanoic dimer as main product and oligomers after prolonged irradiation. In the case of γ-irradiation at 273 or 300K significant contributions from postpolymerization are found both for the hydrochloride and the perovskite of 1.
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