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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 512-517 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aminosäuren als Korrosionsinhibitoren in SalzsäurelösungenDie Inhibierung der Korrosion von Eisen in salzsauren Lösungen wurde unter Verwendung von 22 verschiedenen Aminosäuren und vier verwandten Verbindungen untersucht. Polarisationskurven für Eisen wurden dazu in entlüfteter 1 m Salzsäure aufgenommen. Die Schnittpunkte der Tafel-Geraden beim Korrosionspotential entsprechen dem jeweiligen Korrosionsstrom. Bei einer Inhibitorkonzentration von 10 mmol wurden die besten Ergebnisse (Hemmwert 87%) mit 3,5-diiodotyrosin erhalten. Von den üblichen Aminosäuren erreichte Tryptophan mit einem Hemmwert von 80% die höchste Inhibitorwirkung. Hydroxyprolin, Crystin und Cystein bewirkten hingegen Korrosionsbeschleunigung. Die beobachteten deutlichen Trends konnten mit der Molekülstruktur korreliert werden. Im allgemeinen waren Aminosäuren mit längerer Kohlenwasserstoffkette wirksamer. Auch zusätzliche Aminogruppen oder Gruppen mit erhöhter Elektronendichte auf der α-Aminogruppe zeigten höhere Inhibitorwirksamkeit.
    Notes: Inhibition of the corrosion of iron in hydrochloric acid solutions by amino acids was studied. Twenty-two different common amino acids and four related compounds were used. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained for iron wire in deaerated 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Intersection of the linear Tafel lines at the corrosion potential gave values of the corrosion current. At 10 mM concentration of the inhibitors, the best results were obtained with 3,5-diiodotyrosine, with an inhibition efficiency of 87%. The best common amino acid was tryptophan with an inhibition efficiency of 80%. Hydroxyproline, cystine, and cysteine acted as corrosion accelerators. Definite trends were observed which were related to the molecular structure. In general, amino acids with longer hydrocarbon chains showed greater inhibition. Additional amino groups or groups which increased electron density on the alpha amino group also increased the inhibition efficiency.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When the acetate groups of polyvinyl acetate are removed and subsequently restored, the viscosity of the polymer is usually decreased. It is found that after such processing, vinyl acetate polymers prepared at a given temperature approach a maximum viscosity regardless of the viscosity of the original resins. This maximum is increased by lowering the temperature of polymerization and is different for other vinyl esters. The extent of degradation is negligible at low conversions. It is concluded that this phenomenon is characteristic of the monomer. The chemical bond responsible for the degradation has many of the properties of ester linkages. The resins degrade with both bases and acids although the latter catalyst sometimes requires the presence of water. They also degrade when heated in a solution of pyridine, acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The extent of degradation closely parallels the degree of hydrolysis. It is suggested that these ester linkages are formed during polymerization as a result of transfer with the carbon-hydrogen bonds of the acetate groups of both monomer and polymer. Evidence of another transfer reaction involving the vinyl group, but having no bearing on the degradation, is also advanced. If polyvinyl acetate is alcoholized with an acid catalyst, in the absence of water, the processed resin may have a higher viscosity than would be the case with an alkaline catalyst. How much higher is governed by the type of initiator used in the polymerization. This suggests that polymer molecules may be united under these conditions, but the nature of the reaction is obscure.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 9 (1952), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A mechanism is proposed for branch formation in polyvinyl acetate. A simplified kinetic analysis gives the degree of branching in terms of six rate constant ratios. Four of these ratios were determined with satisfactory accuracy by very slow photopolymerization of highly purified vinyl acetate at 70°C. to different degrees of conversion. The polymers were believed to be near the maximum molecular weight obtainable at that temperature. Number-average degrees of polymerization were estimated by quantitative determination of the double bond end groups. The correlation between these values and intrinsic viscosities was in good agreement with published osmotic and viscosity measurements. A fifth ratio was estimated less accurately by viscosity measurements on the polymers after alcoholysis and acetylation. A rough estimation of the sixth ratio was based on a cross-linking experiment. These ratios were used to accurately predict the degradation on hydrolysis of a series of low molecular weight polymers. Calculations showed greater branching occurs in a single kettle continuous process than in the simple batch process.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2633-2646 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reinforcement mechanism of polyester tire cord was studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy using various model compounds. Three model compounds representing the main chain of polyester and the terminal groups, namely carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups, were used. Chemical reactions between these polyester models and an epoxy functional silane coupling agent were studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Among the many possible reactions, the reaction between the carboxylic acid and epoxy group was found to proceed readily. Kinetic studies of the major reactions also show quantitative differences in their activation energies as well as the rate constants. Based on the quantitative studies, we have estimated the expected rate of interfacial reaction at the heat treating temperature of polyester tire cord.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2869-2883 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) and specific heats (Cp) of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and PVC plasticized with 5-120 phr di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) and tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Measured Tg's were compared to predictions by the Couchman and Karasz (C-K) thermodynamic theory, three related empirical equations, and a new equation obtained from the C-K relation by assuming the product TgΔCp to be constant. It was found that the Tg's of the PVC/TOTM mixtures are adequately predicted only by the C-K and the derivative relation. The Tg's of the PVC/DOA mixtures follow a sigmoidal or cusp-like dependence on plasticizer composition as has been observed for some other PVC/plasticizer mixtures. In this case, the approximation afforded by the C-K or derivative equations is still superior to the empirical models over a wide composition range. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the PVC/DOA mixtures suggests that the DSC transitions may consist of two overlapping phase transitions. The reported sigmoidal composition dependence of the DSC Tg's may therefore result from the measured Tg's being weighted towards the temperature corresponding to the predominant dynamic mechanical transition (i.e., the high Tg phase at low plasticizer concentrations and the low Tg phase at high plasticizer concentrations). In such cases of partial phase separation, the C-K or the derivative equation may be used to estimate the composition of the two phases at each overall plasticizer concentration.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2461-2470 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Changes in several structural properties of an ethylene homopolymer have been measured and compared with those of ethylene copolymers with simple and complex branchings over a range of temperature from ambient to above the normal [melting temperature]. In the case of the first two polymeric types, a clear behavioural pattern was observed in which, with rising temperature, a small rotation of the back-bone chains was followed by melting and recrystallization, the latter two processes occurring in the range from about 110°C to the melting temperature. In the upper temperature range ethyl branches were also rejected from the crystalline lattice. Around the melting temperature, a change from the orthorhombic to the hexagonal phase was suggested as a possibility. The thermal behaviours of the copolymers with the more complex branchings were found to be more complicated with melting and recrystallization occurring over various temperature ranges. No simple relationship appeared to exist between the numbers and shapes of the complex branchings and the structural changes produced in the copolymers by increasing temperature.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 1325-1331 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Structural changes in an ethylene-rich ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) were studied as a function of applied external stress. From its initial unstretched value of 15%, the terpolymer crystallinity increased to 73% at a tensile strain of 225%. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that, when stretched, the terpolymer assumed a hexagonal structure and an increase in the until cell a-dimension occurred. A fibre texture developed with the lamellae inclined to the tensile axis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2655-2665 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structures of poly(vinyl fluoride), (P(VF)), were investigated at elevated temperatures and after heavy rolling at various temperatures. In the former case the marked increases in both crystallite size and the unit cell a-dimension above 140°C were accompanied by a reduction in crystallinity, indicating a melting and recrystallization process. When compared to the polyethylenes, thermal behavioural differences may be attributed to the polarity of the P(VF) molecules. Notable changes in deformation structure were obtained upon varying the rolling temperature. Above 60°C heavy rolling produced a hexagonal {1010} 〈0001〉 texture, the paracrystallites having a clearly oriented lamellar structure. At 60°C and below more complex textures were produced, the microparacrystallites of the predominant component having a platy morphology. At -80°C, the deformation structure also showed extensive voiding.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 493-497 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: phosphine oxide ; diarylsulfone ; polyamide ; polycondensation ; thermal properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four novel polyamides have been prepared in high yields by the polycondensation reactions of bis(3-carboxyphenyl)- and bis(4-carboxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide with 3,3′- and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone. The thermal properties of these materials were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the presence of both phosphine oxide and sulfonyl groups within the polymer backbone brought about remarkable modifications in the thermal behavior. Glass transition temperatures 40-50°C lower than those of conventional polyamides i.e., in the range 170-200°C, were recorded. However, we observed greater thermooxidative stability (5% weight loss at 〉410°C) and high char yield upon prolonged heating at 800°C (20-34%). Also, good solubility in polar aprotic solvents was observed for all polyamides together with some solubility in aqueous solvent mixtures, e.g. tetrahydrofuran/water (95:5). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 1561-1566 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: phosphine oxide ; polyamide ; polycondensation ; thermal properties ; fire-retardant materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five novel polyamides incorporating phosphine oxide groups have been synthesized by the condensation reaction of bis(4-carboxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide with a series of aromatic diamines. The thermal properties of these polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Glass transition temperatures in the 225-254°C range were recorded, together with good thermooxidative stability (5% weight loss occurring at 〉420°C) and high char yield upon prolonged heating at 650-800°C (24-50%). Also, good solubility in aprotic polar solvents was observed for all polyamides synthesized. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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