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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2525-2544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of practical self-extinguishing polystyrene foaming-in-place compositions by suspension polymerization is described. The halogen necessary for self-extinguishing characteristics is incorporated by chain transfer. The synergistic effect of organic peroxides decreases drastically the amount of halogen necessary. For example, 0.3 pph 1,2-dibromotetrachloroethane in the presence of 0.2 pph dicumyl peroxide renders the composition self-extinguishing, while 1.0 pph is necessary without peroxide. The rate of polymerization is unaffected by the presence of this chain transfer agent, while the molecular weight is reduced considerably. The effectiveness of other halogenated chain transfer agents and peroxy compounds has been demonstrated. Silicone mold release agent exerts a deleterious effect on the self-extinguishing properties.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 128 (1984), S. 99-122 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The consecutive oximation at 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, and 35°C enabled the qualitative and quantitative differentiation of six various aldehydic groups in oxycellulose. For the calculation of the content bn of the nth aldehydic group a modified calculation method was used according to an improved equation. The proposed procedure enabled the characterization of the chemical structure of six various aldehydic groups in the oxycellulose macromolecule. Straight line dependences were found between the logarithm of those aldehydic group contents, as well as of the aldehyde sum values and the logarithms of the polymerization degree (DP), enabling an indirect and fast classification of oxycellulose aldehydes according to the DP-value. A computer calculation program was worked out enabling the determination of aldehyde groups according to the indirect procedure using the DP-value.
    Notes: Die stufenweise Oximierung bei 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 und 35°C ermöglichte die qualitative und quantitative Trennung von sechs verschiedenen Aldehydgruppen in Oxycellulose. Für die Berechnung des Gehaltes bn der n-ten Aldehydgruppe bei einer bestimmten Oximierungstemperatur wurde eine modifizierte Berechnungsmethode nach einer verbesserten Gleichung angewandt. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ermöglichte die Charakterisierung der chemischen Strukturen von sechs verschiedenen Aldehydgruppen in Oxycellulosemakromolekülen. Es wurden lineare Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Gehalten an diesen Aldehydgruppen sowie den Aldehydsummenwerten und DP-Werten bei logarithmischer Darstellung gefunden, die eine indirekte und schnelle Aldehydbestimmung in Oxycellulosen über den DP-Wert ermöglichte. Für die indirekte Bestimmung der Aldehydgruppen über den DP-Wert wurde ein Computerprogramm ausgearbeitet.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 120 (1984), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: To determine the limiting viscosity number [η] of nitrous oxidized cellulose in diluted solution, the iron tartrate complex method (FeTNa) was used. Existing methods of the [η]-values calculation using polynomials for various types of polymers and various solvent measuring systems and also the polynomial for pure cellulose have been shown to be inapplicable. Therefore, an empirical calculation formula in explicit form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$[\eta ] = \frac{{\eta _{{\rm sp}} }}{{\rm c}} + {\rm c}^2 + {\rm A}_1 \eta _{{\rm sp}} {\rm c} - \eta _{{\rm sp}}^2 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_2 \eta _{{\rm sp}}^3 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_3$$\end{document} with A1 = -2.348, A2 = 3.485 and A3 = 0.006 (ηsp: specific viscosity, c: concentration g/100 ml) has been suggested enabling calculation of the [η]-value of oxidized cellulose from a measurement of a single concentration of the sample. For the calculation of the average polymerization degree according to the Staudinger-Mark-Houwink equation it was possible to apply the same constant in case of oxidized cellulose as available for unoxidized one.
    Notes: Für die Bestimmung der Grenzviskositatszahl [η] von nitroso-oxydierter Cellulose in verdünnter Losung wurde die EWNN Methode (alkalische Lösung eines Eisen-Weinsäure-Natrium-Komplexes) angewandt. Die bisher bekannten Berechnungsmethoden von [η] mit Hilfe der Polynome für verschiedene Arten von Polymeren, verschiedene Lösungsmittel und Meßsysteme sowie auch für reine Cellulose erwiesen sich als unbrauchbar. Es wurde eine empirische Berechnungsformel in expliziter Form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$[\eta ] = \frac{{\eta _{{\rm sp}} }}{{\rm c}} + {\rm c}^2 + {\rm A}_1 \eta _{{\rm sp}} {\rm c} - \eta _{{\rm sp}}^2 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_2 \eta _{{\rm sp}}^3 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_3$$\end{document} mit A1 = -2,348, A2 = 3,584 und A3 = 0,006 (ηsp: spezifische Viskosität, c: Konzentration g/100 ml) vorgeschlagen, die die Berechnung von [η] bei Oxycellulose aus einer bei einer einzigen Konzentration der Probe durchgeführten Messung ermöglicht. Für die Berechnung eines Mittelwertes für den Polymerisationsgrad nach der Staudinger-Mark-Houwink-Gleichung war es möglich, die für nichtoxydierte Cellulose geltende Konstante zu verwenden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Certification of Quality Assurance Systems. Assurance of quality, working in a systematic and documented manner with the aim of contributing to constant improvement of the quality levels of a company, is now standard practice. A visible sign of quality competence is a quality assurance system certificate that is issued by a neutral certification body after assessment of the effectiveness of existing quality assurance systems. The German Society for the Certification of Quality Assurance Systems (DQS), a neutral, not-for-profit institution, performs such assessment in Germany on the basis of DIN ISO standards 9001, 9002, or 9003, and issues certification of quality assurance systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: High-temperature corrosion tests with different heat-resistant materials in an oil/gas fired industrial boilerIn a practical test, 16 heat-resistant materials, including some with surface protection, were tested for their resistance to high-temperature corrosion in oil ashes. These materials were intended to be as boiler tube fittings. They were installed in an oil-fired steam boiler with some 10 per cent. additional gas firing. Due to unilateral water cooling, the temperature distribution in the samples ranged from 300 to 800°C. It was therefore possible to evaluate the results for the assessment of the corrosion behaviour over this temperature range. The testing times amounted to approx. 1000, 5000 and 10000 hours.Among the materials tested, none was completely proof for the desired application. The relatively highest resistance was shown by special cast alloys without iron but with high nickel contents (more than 45 pC Ni and Cr, with or without Si). A moderate resistance was shown by ferritic chrome steels and by cast alloys with more than 17 pC Cr. The lowest resistance was shown by steels with low Ni content, including the normal austenitic CrNi steels. The surface treatment had little influence. It was interesting to note that, above the temperature range of 650-700°C, the corrosion maximum was already exceeded, and the corrosion rate was again liable to be much lower.
    Notes: In einem Betriebsversuch wurden 16 hitzebeständige Werkstoffe, von denen einzelne auch oberflächengeschützt waren, auf ihre Beständigkeit gegen Hochtemperaturkorrosion in Ölaschen geprüft. Sie sollten als Halterungen für Kesselrohre Verwendung finden. Sie wurden in einem ölgefeuerten Dampfkessel mit rd. 10% Gaszuatzfeuerung eingebaut. Durch einseitige Wasserkühlung wiesen die Proben eine Temperaturverteilung von 300 bis 800°C auf. Es konnte daher das Korrosionsverhalten über diesen Temperaturbereich ausgewertet werden. Die Versuchszeiten betrugen rd. 1000, 5000 und 10000 Stunden.Von den untersuchten Werkstoffen war keiner für den angestrebten Verwendungszweck absolut beständig. Am widerstandsfähigsten waren eisenfreie mit mehr als 45% Ni und Cr mit oder ohne Si. Mäßig beständig waren ferritische Chromstähle und Gußlegierungen mit über 17% Cr. Am ungünstigsten verhielten sich Stähle mit niedrigerem Ni-Gehalt einschließlich der normalen austenitischen CrNi-Stähle. Die Oberflächenschutzbehandlung war von geringem Einfluß. Interessant war die Beobachtung, daß oberhalb des Temperaturbereiches von 650 bis 700°C das Korrosionsmaximum bereits überschritten war und der Angriff wieder wesentlich geringer sein konnte.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1141-1149 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) of degree of substitution three and average molecular weight of 100,000 was processed in a magnetic field of 1.2T. Films of HPC were cast from water, methanol, ethyl methyl ketone, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solutions in a magnetic field using static and dynamic casting techniques. The processed films were evaluated for tensile strength, elastic modulus, microhardness, and molecular chain alignment by wide angle x-ray diffraction and polarized infrared. The best alignment and hence the greatest improvement in properties was obtained using a combined magnetic field and flow alignment procedure. These samples showed no increase in the elastic modulus, a 106% increase in the tensile strength, a 21% increase in the microhardness, and were dichroic. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die spezifische Warmekapazität von amorphem, nichtorientiertenl Polycarbonat wurden bei Temperaturen zwiscken 2 und 80 K gemessen. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmeleitfahigkeit unterhalb von 20 K zeigt das Vorhandensein von Heterogenitaten an, deren spezifische Oberflache aus der mittleren freien Weglänge der Phononen abgeschätzt wird. Die heterogene Struktur bleibt nach Erwärmen des Materials äber die Glasäbergangstemperatur erhalten.
    Notes: The thermal condcutivity and specific heat of amorphous, non-oriented polycarbonate were measured in the temperature range between 2 and 80 K. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity below 20 K indicates the presence of heterogeneities. The specific surface of these heterogeneities is estimated from the phonon mean free path length. The heterogeneous structure is preserved when the material is heated above the glass transition temperature.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The inhibitor method using the Koelsch radical was found to allow convenient determination of the rate of initiation in photoinitated copolymerization of styrene with maleic anhydride in dependence on monomer composition in acrylonitrile and tetrahydrofurance as solvents. The change of the rate of initiation with monomer composition explains the change of the overall polymerization rate and supports the mechanism of reaction suggestes in theprevious paper.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Bestimmung der Startgeschwindigkeit bei der photoinitiierten Copolymerisation von Styren mit Maleinsäureanchydrid in Abhängigkeit von der Monomerzusammensetzung in Acrylinitril und Tetrahydrofuran als Lösungsmittel mittels der Inhibitormethode mit dem Koelsch-Radikal gut möglich ist. Die Änderung der Startgeschwindigkeit mit der Monomerzusammensetzung erklärt den Verlauf der Bruttopolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und stützt den in der vorangegangenen Veröffentlichung postulierten Reaktionsmechanismus.
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