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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics  (4)
  • Molecular motion  (3)
  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics  (2)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 54 (1961), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of the graft copolymerization of styrene onto methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate copolymers (MMA) containing tert-butyl perester groups have been studied. The synthesis of these perester copolymers was carried out in two steps: (1) copolymerization of acrylyl chloride with methyl (meth)acrylate, and (2) reaction of the acrylyl chloride copolymer with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Further, these perester copolymers were usually treated with diazomethane in order to methylate any carboxylic group which might be present. The graft copolymers were separated from both hompolymers by progressive precipitation on addition of methanol to the chloroform solution of the copolymers. The stability of these perester copolymers has been considered and found to depend on whether there are acid groups in the copolymer. The first-order rate constants and the activation energy of decomposition in the absence of acid groups have been evaluated. These values depend on the molar composition of the copolymer; an induced decomposition of peresters is favored by a high perester content, which is responsible for a decrease in Ea (26.8 instead of 29.6 kcal./mole). In the presence of free carboxylic groups, some of the perester groups decompose very rapidly, the energy of activation of their decomposition being only 15 instead of 25.6 kcal./mole for the slow step. The degree of conversion attained during the rapid step is a function of the stereochemical structure of the copolymer, and the rate of decomposition is much higher than that produced by the addition of external acid. With the MA perester the rate of grafting is proportional to the square root of the perester concentration while it is first order with respect to the monomer concentration. These dependences were found to hold also for the overall rate of polymerization (from the total weight increase) as well as for the grafting rate (from the isolated graft copolymer and its styrene content). The styrene content of the graft copolymer increases with monomer concentration (e.g., 53.8 and 75.3 for monomer concentrations of 2.6 and 6.1 moles/l., respectively). At low monomer concentration, grafting is greatly favored over homopolymerization; it is also enhanced by the viscosity of the solution. With the MMA perester also, the grafting rate obeys the square root law for the perester concentration and the first-order dependence on monomer. However, the rate of grafting is practically independent of the styrene concentration over a large range. The relative importance of grafting over homopolymerization is in this case much less than with MA-TBP, except at high dilution. Different interpretations are suggested in order to explain the very high and sometimes very low values of Rg/Rh, the ratio of the rate of grafting to the rate of hompolymerization. The different behaviors of the MA and MMA peresters are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Photopolymerisation von n-Propyl- und n-Butylmethacrylat wurde bei hohen Umsätzen untersucht und der Geleffekt mit demjenigen, den man für den Methylester findet, verglichen1. Eine kinetische Analyse, die sich auf die Annahme eines Radikalkonzentrationseffektes durch den Einschluß aktiver Zentren stützt, wurde mit Erfolg auf diese Reaktion angewendet.
    Notizen: The photopolymerisation of n-propyl and n-butyl methacrylate to high conversions has been investigated, and the gel effect compared with that found for the methyl ester1. A kinetic analysis, based on a radical concentration effect caused by the occlusion of active centres, has been applied successfully to these reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 154-170 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der vollständige Reaktionsverlauf der Photopolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat wurde studiert und versucht, die Kennzeichen des Geleffektes, der bei der Polymerisation dieses und anderer Vinylsysteme bei höheren Umsätzen auftritt, zu erklären. Man muß annehmen, daß bei der Polymerisation dieses Vinylesters in Substanz die Stationaritätsbedingungen nur im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation anwendbar sind; später werden die wachsenden Radikale von Polymeren eingeschlossen. Während also eine Verringerung der Konzentration der Radikale, die den Abbruch bewirken, eintritt, nimmt die Zahl der Radikale, die zu weiterem Wachstum befähigt sind, zu. Daraus ergibt sich eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und des Molekulargewichtes des gebildeten Polymeren. Gleichfalls soll der steile Abfall der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit nach Null vor Erreichung eines vollständigen Umsatzes erklärt werden durch die Behinderung der Diffusion des Monomeren in dem stark gequollenen System.Einer einfachen kinetischen Analyse zufolge ist der TROMMSDORFF-Effekt ds ein Radikalkonzentrationsphänomen anzusehen; beim Methacrylsäureester findet man gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentell gefundenen Werten.Die Ergebnisse der Bestimmung des Intensitätsexponenten der Reaktion und des Einflusses von übertragenden Stoffen auf die Polymerisation stimmen mit den vorausgestellten Theorien überein.
    Notizen: The polymerisation of methyl methacrylate has been studied over the complete course of the reaction and an attempt has been made to explain the characteristics of the “gel effect” observed in the high conversion polymerisation of this and other vinyl systems. It is suggested that in the bulk polymerisation of this vinyl ester stationary state kinetic are only strictly applicable in the early stages of polymerisation, after which the accumulated polymer results in the occlusion of growing radicals. Thus when there is a decrease in the concentration of radicals available for termination there is an increase in the number capable of further propagation. The result is a continual increase in the rate of polymesation and in the molecular weight of polymer formed. Similarly the sharp fall off in rate to zero values before complete polymerisation, has been explained by a decrease in the rate of propagation due to the inability of monomer to diffuse readily through the highly gelled system.A simple kinetic analysis has been put forward explaining the “TROMSDORFF-Effect” as a radical concentration phenomenon, and for methacrylate esters this gives good agreement with experimental observations. Determinations of the intensity exponent of the reaction and the effect of transfer agents on the polymerisation are also in good agreement with the theories proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 51 (1962), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Methylacrylat wurde bis zu hohen Umsätzen bei Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 60°C photopolymerisiert. Die Kennzeichen des beobachteten Geleffektes wurden durch Radikaleinschluß in dem hochviskosen polymerisierenden System erklärt. Die einfache kinetische Analyse ist hier nicht wie in früheren Mitteilungen anwendbar ohne die Annahme zusäzlicher Faktoren, die der Verzweigung und Vernetzung, welche bei der Polymerisation dieses Monomeren in Substanz auftreten, Rechnung tragen.
    Notizen: Methyl acrylate has been photopolymerised to high conversions in the range 25-60°C. and the characteristics of the gel effect observed have been explained by radical occlusion in the highly viscous polymerising system. The simple kinetic analysis introduced in earlier papers is not applicable here without the inclusion of extra factors to account for the prolific branching and crosslinking pertaining in the bulk polymerisation of this monomer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 777-785 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon-13 relaxation ; Molecular motion ; Rotational barriers ; Dicyclohexyl compounds ; Traction fluids ; Molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Four dicyclohexyl compounds were studied, one of which is a traction fluid and the remainder have related structures in which the cyclohexane rings are separated by two or three carbon atoms. Carbon-13 NMR T1 and NOE data were obtained for the four compounds at 22.50 and 100.62 MHz over a wide temperature range. The data were fitted simultaneously to either a reduced Lorentzian spectral density or to a ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density. For the first time it has been possible to observe the tracking from the full ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density to the reduced Lorentzian spectral density. From the correlation times and activation energies derived from these fittings, it can be concluded that all the compounds have semi-rigid structures. Computer modelling of the structures and molecular mechanics calculations of the rotational barriers gave results in agreement with those from the NMR data. Similarly, it was found that the friction coefficients of the compounds correlate with the NMR and molecular mechanics conclusions, namely that the increased rigidity produced by the introduction of methyl groups into the linkage between the cyclohexane rings leads to a more effective traction fluids. Hence it seems to be feasible to design new traction fluids in the laboratory.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 1221-1225 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Schlagwort(e): High pressure ; Molecular motion ; Carbon-13 relaxation ; Octyl chains ; Tetraoctyltin ; Polydecene ; Model lubricants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Carbon-13 NMR spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, and nuclear Overhauser effect data were obtained for neat tetra-n-octyltin at 22.5 and 100.6 MHz over a wide temperature range. T1 values were also measured at 25.16 MHz at pressures up to 211 MPa. The ambient-pressure data were fitted to the ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density with a temperature-dependent order parameter, S2. The pressure data were interpreted by assuming that internal motions of the octyl chain are independent of pressure while the overall (tumbling) motion and S2 are pressure dependent. The values of the motional parameters for tetra-n-octyltin lie in the ranges expected for compounds containing long n-alkyl chains. The results show that this approach is applicable to complex liquids such as synthetic lubricants of the polydecene type.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Schlagwort(e): Molecular motion ; Carbon-13 relaxation ; Octyl chains ; Polydecene ; Model lubricants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 13C nuclear relaxation behaviour of n-alkyl chains in a variety of compounds can be described in terms of two relaxation times, one for tumbling (τc) and one for each carbon nucleus for the internal motions (τc). Relaxation data for the quaternary carbon nuclei of n-octylbenzene and n-octyl cyanide have been used to determine τc) and their activation energies [Ea(τc)]. These values have enabled τe and their associated activation energies [Ea(τe)] to be calculated for each carbon in the alkyl chains of the two compounds. In these compounds the values for C-6 appear to be invariant with τe(298) = 15 ± 2 ps and Ea(τc) = 15 ± 1 kJ mol-1. Assuming that these are universal values for all n-octyl chains, we have used them to calculate τe and Ea(τe) for other simple n-octyl compounds, thus allowing τc and E.a(τc) to be determined. It was found that Ea(τc) values correlate well with those for Ea(n/T) obtained from viscosity measurements. Di-n-octyl ether shows motional properties similar to those of the straightchain compounds.Simultaneous fitting of relaxation rate and NOE enhancement data measured over a range of radiofrequencies and temperatures permits a wealth of motional properties to be discerned when there is a suitable frequency dispersion. Both tri-n-octylamine and polydecene tumble sufficiently slowly to allow both relaxation rate and NOE data to be used to evaluate τc and τe and their activation energies without making any assumptions about C-6. The values of τc(298) and Ea(τc) obtained from C-6 for tri-n-octylamine are 314 ± 12 ps and 18.5 ± 0.4 kJ mol-1, respectively, and the corresponding values for polydecene are 576 ± 41 ps and 16.1 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-12
    Beschreibung: Author(s): Duncan G. England, Kent A. G. Fisher, Jean-Philippe W. MacLean, Philip J. Bustard, Khabat Heshami, Kevin J. Resch, and Benjamin J. Sussman Quantum interference of single photons is a fundamental aspect of many photonic quantum processing and communication protocols. Interference requires that the multiple pathways through an interferometer be temporally indistinguishable to within the coherence time of the photon. In this Letter, we us… [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 073603] Published Thu Aug 11, 2016
    Schlagwort(e): Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Digitale ISSN: 1079-7114
    Thema: Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-08
    Beschreibung: Author(s): Philip J. Bustard, Khabat Heshami, Duncan G. England, Michael Spanner, and Benjamin J. Sussman We propose and experimentally demonstrate a scheme to generate optically controlled delays based on off-resonant Raman absorption. Dispersion in a transparency window between two neighboring, optically activated Raman absorption lines is used to reduce the group velocity of broadband 765 nm pulses. … [Phys. Rev. A 93, 043810] Published Wed Apr 06, 2016
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Digitale ISSN: 1094-1622
    Thema: Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-11
    Beschreibung: Author(s): Uttam Paudel, Alexander P. Burgers, Duncan G. Steel, Michael K. Yakes, Allan S. Bracker, and Daniel Gammon Generation and manipulation of the quantum state of a single photon is at the heart of many quantum information protocols. There has been growing interest in using phase modulators as quantum optics devices that preserve coherence. In this Rapid Communication, we have used an electro-optic phase mod... [Phys. Rev. A 98, 011802(R)] Published Tue Jul 10, 2018
    Schlagwort(e): Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Digitale ISSN: 1094-1622
    Thema: Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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