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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Lascar Volcano ; Lava domes ; Degassing ; Explosive eruptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Lascar Volcano (5592 m; 23°22'S, 67°44'W) entered a new period of vigorous activity in 1984, culminating in a major explosive eruption in April 1993. Activity since 1984 has been characterised by cyclic behaviour with recognition of four cycles up to the end of 1993. In each cycle a lava dome is extruded in the active crater, accompanied by vigorous degassing through high-temperature, high-velocity fumaroles distributed on and around the dome. The fumaroles are the source of a sustained steam plume above the volcano. The dome then subsides back into the conduit. During the subsidence phase the velocity and gas output of the fumaroles decrease, and the cycle is completed by violent explosive activity. Subsidence of both the dome and the crater floor is accommodated by movement on concentric, cylindrical or inward-dipping conical fractures. The observations are consistent with a model in which gas loss from the dome is progressively inhibited during a cycle and gas pressure increases within and below the lava dome, triggering a large explosive eruption. Factors that can lead to a decrease in gas loss include a decrease in magma permeability by foam collapse, reduction in permeability due to precipitation of hydrothermal minerals in the pores and fractures within the dome and in country rock surrounding the conduit, and closure of open fractures during subsidence of the dome and crater floor. Dome subsidence may be a consequence of reduction in magma porosity (foam collapse) as degassing occurs and pressurisation develops as the permeability of the dome and conduit system decreases. Superimposed upon this activity are small explosive events of shallow origin. These we interpret as subsidence events on the concentric fractures leading to short-term pressure increases just below the crater floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 3 (1993), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: Protein NMR ; Osmolytes ; Protein stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of stabilizing folded proteins is described, which allows NMR studies under conditions where a protein would normally be unfolded. This enables stable proteins to be examined at elevated temperatures, or spectra recorded on samples that are insufficiently stable under normal conditions. Up to two molar perdeuterated glycine, a potent osmolyte, can be added to aqueous protein NMR samples without altering the folded three-dimensional structure or function of the protein. However, the stability of the folded form is dramatically increased. This is illustrated for the protein lysozyme at high temperature (348 K) where the structural integrity is destroyed in standard aqueous solution, but is retained in the osmolyte solution. We hope that the technique will be of value to those studying by NMR the structural biology of protein fragments and mutants, which are often of reduced stability compared with the original proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 777-785 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Carbon-13 relaxation ; Molecular motion ; Rotational barriers ; Dicyclohexyl compounds ; Traction fluids ; Molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four dicyclohexyl compounds were studied, one of which is a traction fluid and the remainder have related structures in which the cyclohexane rings are separated by two or three carbon atoms. Carbon-13 NMR T1 and NOE data were obtained for the four compounds at 22.50 and 100.62 MHz over a wide temperature range. The data were fitted simultaneously to either a reduced Lorentzian spectral density or to a ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density. For the first time it has been possible to observe the tracking from the full ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density to the reduced Lorentzian spectral density. From the correlation times and activation energies derived from these fittings, it can be concluded that all the compounds have semi-rigid structures. Computer modelling of the structures and molecular mechanics calculations of the rotational barriers gave results in agreement with those from the NMR data. Similarly, it was found that the friction coefficients of the compounds correlate with the NMR and molecular mechanics conclusions, namely that the increased rigidity produced by the introduction of methyl groups into the linkage between the cyclohexane rings leads to a more effective traction fluids. Hence it seems to be feasible to design new traction fluids in the laboratory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 823-829 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Dicyclohexyl derivatives ; 13C spin-lattice relaxation times ; High-pressure NMR ; Rotational-translational coupling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four dicyclohexyl compounds were investigated, one of which is a traction fluid and the remainder have related structures in which the cyclohexyl rings are separated by two or three carbon atoms. Carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured at 25.16 MHz at pressures up to 200 MPa over the temperature range 280-329 K. High-pressure relaxation data have been successfully interpreted in terms of the ‘model-free’ approximation. A pressure-dependent rotational coupling parameter, κ, was evaluated from a modified Stokes-Einstein-Debye relationship using experimentally determined pressure-dependent rotational correlation times. The smallest value of κ was found to be associated with the most rigid and least-extended molecule, showing that molecular shape has a significant effect on the rotational-translational coupling. The values obtained for the activation volumes derived from methyl group data suggest that barriers to internal motion are governed by intramolecular effects. It has been demonstrated that high-pressure 13C relaxation measurements can provide a powerful means of studying the relationship between molecular rigidity and the macroscopic behaviour of functional fluids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Carbon-13 relaxation times ; NOE factors ; Methyl groups ; Dicyclohexyl compounds ; Alkyl chains ; Model lubricants ; Molecular dynamics ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13 NMR relaxation data obtained for methyl groups in two dicyclohexane compounds were used to compare the Woessner and ‘model-free’ approaches. It is shown that the extra flexibility offered by the latter leads to a more successful analysis of the data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 30 (1992), S. 1255-1260 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 13C NMR ; Protein dynamics ; Serine protease inhibitor ; Protein engineering ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13 T1 and NOE measurements were used to study the internal motions of the single phenylalanine residue in CI-2 and in a mutant in which an arginine residue adjacent to the Phe had been replaced with an alanine residue. Each protein was specifically enriched with [13C6-ring]phenylalanine. The arginine to alanine modification resulted in a reduction of the order parameter, S2, from 0.39 to 0.32 for the internal motions of the aromatic ring. This is consistent with the aromatic side-chain of Phe 69 being less restricted, as a consequence of the removal of the neighbouring bulky side chain. Wild-type CI-2 was also successfully enriched with [2-13C]glycine. An average order parameter of 0.60 was obtained for the α-carbon positions of the three glycine residues. When bound to the serine protease chymotrypsin, S2 remains unchanged within experimental error. However, the overall tumbling, derived from NMR, slows by a factor of 5, consistent with the increase in molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Molecular motion ; Carbon-13 relaxation ; Octyl chains ; Polydecene ; Model lubricants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 13C nuclear relaxation behaviour of n-alkyl chains in a variety of compounds can be described in terms of two relaxation times, one for tumbling (τc) and one for each carbon nucleus for the internal motions (τc). Relaxation data for the quaternary carbon nuclei of n-octylbenzene and n-octyl cyanide have been used to determine τc) and their activation energies [Ea(τc)]. These values have enabled τe and their associated activation energies [Ea(τe)] to be calculated for each carbon in the alkyl chains of the two compounds. In these compounds the values for C-6 appear to be invariant with τe(298) = 15 ± 2 ps and Ea(τc) = 15 ± 1 kJ mol-1. Assuming that these are universal values for all n-octyl chains, we have used them to calculate τe and Ea(τe) for other simple n-octyl compounds, thus allowing τc and E.a(τc) to be determined. It was found that Ea(τc) values correlate well with those for Ea(n/T) obtained from viscosity measurements. Di-n-octyl ether shows motional properties similar to those of the straightchain compounds.Simultaneous fitting of relaxation rate and NOE enhancement data measured over a range of radiofrequencies and temperatures permits a wealth of motional properties to be discerned when there is a suitable frequency dispersion. Both tri-n-octylamine and polydecene tumble sufficiently slowly to allow both relaxation rate and NOE data to be used to evaluate τc and τe and their activation energies without making any assumptions about C-6. The values of τc(298) and Ea(τc) obtained from C-6 for tri-n-octylamine are 314 ± 12 ps and 18.5 ± 0.4 kJ mol-1, respectively, and the corresponding values for polydecene are 576 ± 41 ps and 16.1 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 29 (1991), S. 1221-1225 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: High pressure ; Molecular motion ; Carbon-13 relaxation ; Octyl chains ; Tetraoctyltin ; Polydecene ; Model lubricants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13 NMR spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, and nuclear Overhauser effect data were obtained for neat tetra-n-octyltin at 22.5 and 100.6 MHz over a wide temperature range. T1 values were also measured at 25.16 MHz at pressures up to 211 MPa. The ambient-pressure data were fitted to the ‘model-free’ two-correlation time spectral density with a temperature-dependent order parameter, S2. The pressure data were interpreted by assuming that internal motions of the octyl chain are independent of pressure while the overall (tumbling) motion and S2 are pressure dependent. The values of the motional parameters for tetra-n-octyltin lie in the ranges expected for compounds containing long n-alkyl chains. The results show that this approach is applicable to complex liquids such as synthetic lubricants of the polydecene type.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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