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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 1042-1049 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue NiCrMo-Legierung mit Gefügebeständigkeit bei hoher Temperatur und dadurch verbesserter Korrosionsbeständgkeit und besseren mechanischen EigenschaftenApparate aus NiCrMo-Legierungen der Typen Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W und Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo werden in der chemischen Industrie viel verwendet, zumal in der letzten Zeit die Korrosionsbeständigkeit im geschweißten Zustand durch Absenken des C- und Si-Gehaltes wesentlich verbessert werden konnte. Ein neuer Typ  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-415  -  besitzt hohe Beständigkeit gegen Ausscheidung von Carbiden und intermetallischen Phasen. Durch Verringerung des Anteils dieser Phasen werden sowohl die Hochtemperatureigenschaften als auch die Korrosionsbeständigkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften wesentlich verbessert. Die neue Legierung kann langzeitig im Sensibilisierungsbereich (550-1090°C) beansprucht werden, ohne daß es zu Korrosion kommt und ist daher auch gut schweißbar. Im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen NiCrMo-Legierungen ergeben sich kaum Probleme bei Einwirkung von Schwefelsäure und Salzsäure.
    Notes: Equipment made of NiCrMo alloys of the Ni 16 Cr 16 Mo W and Ni 22 Cr 16 Mo types is used extensively in the chemical industry, in particular because the corrosion resistance in the as-welded condition could be improved in recent years by controlling C and Si contents to very low levels. A new type of alloy  -  Hastelloy Developmental Alloy C-455  -  has high resistance to carbide and intermetallic phase precipitation at high temperatures. By reducing the amount of these phases it has been possible to considerably improve the high temperature properties, the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of the alloy. The new material may be exposed to sensitizing range temperatures (550-1090 °C) for a long time without becoming susceptible to corrosion: it is, therefore, readily weldable. Contrary to NiCrMo alloys known so far there are almost no problems when the material is exposed to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 148 (1987), S. 161-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Arbeit beschreibt Versuche, durch Kondensation von Terephthalaldehyd mit Dimethylstickstoffbasen konjugierte Polymere zu synthetisieren, die aus alternierenden Phenylringen und aromatischen heterocyclischen Ringen bestehen. Die Produkte fallen während ihrer Bildung aus der Lösung aus, selbst bei 180°C in N-Methylpyrrolidinon (NMP), daher konnten nur Oligomere mit bis zu ca. 30 Ringen (DP = 15) erhalten werden. Die meisten der hinreichend löslichen Produkte hatten einen DP zwischen 4 und 8. Von diesen ließen sich dünne Filme auf Glas oder Quartz herstellen. Diese Polymeren sind zumeist sehr gute Isolatoren, doch die Behandlung mit I2, NO2 oder SbF5 kann ihren elektrischen Widerstand um 6 Zehnerpotenzen erniedrigen. Die schnelle Umkehrbarkeit der Widerstandsänderung, wenn das verantwortliche Reagenz verdampft ist, sowie das Ausbleiben von klar erkennbaren hderungen im UV-Spektrum zeigen, daR die Widerstandsllnderung sehr wahrscheinlich nicht durch eine Oxidation (doping) verursacht wurde.Zahlreiche Synthesen mit verschiedenen quaternisierten Basen ergaben auch keine durch Elektronenakzeptoren oxidierbaren Oligomeren.Als Bezugsmaterialien, besonders wegen der UV-Spektren, wurden Modellverbindungen vom Distyrylpyridin und Distyrylpyrazin-Typ hergestellt und auch quaternisierte Derivate der ersteren; viele davon sind neue Verbindungen. Diese Modellverbindungen wurden auch zur Eichung einer für NMP Lösungen verwendbaren GPC Säule gebraucht.Für die Synthesetechnik wurden mehrere Verbesserungen entwickelt.
    Notes: We report attempts to create conjugated polymers consisting of alternating phenylene and heterocyclic rings separated by double bonds by means of condensations between terephthalaldehyde and dimethyl nitrogen bases. Because the products precipitated during their formation even at 180°C in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), only oligomers of up to ca. 30 rings (DP = 15) could be obtained; most of the adequately soluble products had DP between 4 and 8, and from these oligomers films on glass or quartz could be made. When the films were exposed to I2, NO2, or SbF5, most of them, initially very good insulators, showed an increase in electrical conductivity of up to 6 powers of 10; but the rapid reversal of this change when the reagent evaporated and the lack of any clear changes in the UV-vis spectrum of the films showed that most likely true “doping” had not occurred.Extensive syntheses with a variety of quaternised bases also failed to yield oligomers oxidisable by electron-acceptors.For reference purposes, especially for their spectra, a large number of pure “model” compounds of the distyrylpyridine and distyrylpyrazine type, and quaternised analogues of the former, were synthesised, many of them new compounds. These were also used as calibrants for a GPC column operating with NMP solutions.Several improvements were made in the synthetic techniques.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 175-194 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Uncrosslinked atactic polystyrene was chemically modified first by acetylation then by a Claisen condensation with ethyl perfluoropropanoate to produce three crosslinked chelating polymers that contained a phenyl, perfluoroethyl, beta-diketone chelating group in 10, 20, and 63 mole % compositions. Cu(II), Ni(II), and uranyl chelates of the macromolecular ligands were prepared and analyzed. The macromolecular ligands and their chelates were compared with the model ligating species 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-pentanedione with infrared and mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several reactions involving crosslinked polymers, a solid, and a liquid phase were investigated. Witting reactions between crosslinked polymers (1 and 5) contaning phosphonium salt residues, solid potassium carbonate, and aldehydes in tetrahydrofuran were found to proceed satisfactorily, even in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst. The Oxidation of 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol in methylene chloride by solid sodium periodate (but not postassium periodate) is catalysed by the periodate form (9a) of an anion exchange resin. The reaction of 1-bromooctane in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide and of benzyl bromide in tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile with potassium acetate or sodium acetate are catalysed only slightly, if at all, by the cyanide or acetate forms (9e and 9f) of an anion exchange resin. Crosslinked polymers containing crown ether residues catalyse the reaction of 1-bromooctane in toluene with sodium iodide. It is not clear how the crosslinked polymers and solid reagents manage to react with each other, but possible mechanisms are discussed. The importance of carrying out control reactions in such studies is stressed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 627-643 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A permanganic etchant has been developed which reveals lamellar and other fine detail in surfaces of at least three crystalline polyolefines, viz., polyethylene (of both high and low density), isotactic polypropylene, and isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1). In typical treatments of high-density polyethylene ca. 2 μm of material is removed with defective regions suffering preferential attack. The etchant also discriminates between lamellar orientations, eating deeper where side surfaces of laminae are exposed than on fold surfaces, and between different polymers, attacking isotactic polypropylene more strongly than polyethylene. Comparison with other techniques authenticates the detail exposed and samples appear to be otherwise unaltered by their treatment. Besides normal imaging, it is also possible to use etched samples for transmission diffraction studies in the electron microscope. The method has very considerable application for revealing lamellar details in crystalline polyolefines (which can be chosen to be representative or selective according to the nature of the surface used). Examples are given of a wide variety of melt-crystallized morphologies for the three polymers cited and also of lamellae in a drawn polyethylene sample. It is pointed out that permanganic etching is complementary to the technique of chlorosulfonation used to stain polyethylene in a similar way as bright field microscopy is to dark field.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carboxylgruppen Können in vernetztes Polystyrol über einen Zweistufenprozeß durch 2-Chlorbenzoylierung und Aufspaltung des Reaktionsproduktes mit einer Mischung von Kalium-tert-butoxid und Wasser eingeführt werden. Den Umsatz kann man durch die Gewichtsänderung des Harzes und durch Chloranalyse leicht abschätzen. Carboxylgruppen können auch durch Benzoylierung eingeführt werden. Das bereits beschriebene Verfahren, um Carboxylgruppen einzuführen, indem man vernetztes Polystyrol chlormethyliert, das erhaltene Produkt zu einem Formylharz oxidiert und dieses Produkt zu einem Carboxylharz weiteroxidiert, kann durch die Verwendung von Peressigsäure in Methansulfonsäure als Oxidationsmittel im letzten Schritt verbessert werden.
    Notes: Carboxyl groups can be introduced into crosslinked polystyrene by a two step process involving 2-chlorobenzoylation and cleavage of the product using a mixture of potassium tert-butoxide and water. The reaction yields can be estimated easily by the change in weight of the resin and by chlorine analysis. Carboxyl groups can also be introduced via benzoylation. The previously described method of introducing carboxyl groups, in which crosslinked polystyrene is chloromethylated and the product oxidized to a formyl resin, which is then oxidized to a carboxyl resin, can be improved by using peracetic acid in methanesulphonic acid as the oxidant in the last step.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 1633-1640 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Friedel-Crafts acylation of various crosslinked polystyrenes, both microporous and macroporous, by ω-halogenoacyl chlorides, a reaction used by others to functionalise polystyrenes, was carefully investigated. As judged by elemental analyses, the desired reaction to give ω-halogenoacyl residues is always accompanied by side reactions. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that these include crosslinking and the introduction of carboxylic acid groups. The side reactions are less pronounced with the ω-chloro compounds and with the 2% crosslinked microporous polymer. For many applications these side reactions will not be important, but in some cases an awareness of their occurrence could be crucial.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 5 (1994), S. 473-478 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Cyclic polymer ; Poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; Polymer supported reactions ; Polymeric catenanes ; Topological polymer chemistry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Methods for characterising cyclic polymers are illustrated by reference first to dilute solution methods for cyclic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and then to the entrapment of cyclic polymers in networks. Preparative routes to cyclic polymers are then reviewed, including ring-chain equilibration reactions, coupling and condensation reactions and new methods using polymer-supported reagents. Some of the properties of cyclic PDMS are discussed, including differences between ring and chain polymer properties such as their melt viscosities and glass transition temperatures. Methods for preparing the first polymeric catenanes are described, using polymer-supported reagents. Future directions for cyclic polymer chemistry are indicated, including topological polymer chemistry.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 745-745 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 1591-1596 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: anisotropy ; polymeric thin film ; coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ; Poisson's ratio ; through-plane direction ; finite element modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric thin films are widely used in microelectronic applications for a variety of purposes. These films may possess completely isotropic material properties and yet still exhibit anisotropic effects due to the constraining influence of the substrate coupling into the film behavior via the film Poisson ratio. A theoretical model of this effect on the through-plane thermal properties of isotropic thin films for single layer (thin film rigidly clamped) and bilayer (thin film on substrate, e.g., silicon wafer) has been developed based on the assumption that the material follows Hooke's law in all directions. Finite element analyses using ANSYS 5.0A have also been performed to confirm theoretical results both for single-layer and bilayer models. In the case of Poisson ratio of 0.5, the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the thickness direction can be as high as three times that of the unconstrained film. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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