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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (30)
  • 1990-1994  (22)
  • 1965-1969  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1991), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Hydroxyethyl-methacrylat wurde durch Initiierung mit γ-Strahlung in Masse mit zwei verschiedenen tetrafunktionellen Monomeren (Ethylenglycol-dimethacrylat und 1,2-Bis(acryloxymethyl)-tetramethyldisiloxan) und einem hexafunktionellen Monomeren (1,1,1-Trimethylolpropan-trimethacrylat) als Vernetzungsmittel copolymerisiert. Die erhaltenen Xerogele wurden anschließend mit Wasser bis zum Erreichen der Gleichgewichtsquellung behandelt. Um die drei Vernetzungsmittel vergleichen zu können, wurde unter Berücksichtigung von Molmasse und Funktionalität der Xerogele die theoretische Konzentration an Vernetzungsstellen zwischen 0,032 und 0,644 mol/l variiert. Die relative Hydrophobie der drei Vernetzungsmittel hat einen ausschlaggebenden Einfluß sowohl auf die Gleichgewichtsquellung als auch auf den Elastizitätsmodul der gequollenen Gele. Der Gehalt an nicht-einfrierbarem Wasser in mit 1,1,1-Trimethylol-propan-trimethacrylat vernetzten Gelen wurde anhand von DSC-Untersuchungen analysiert. Das Verhältnis von nicht-einfrierbarem zum Gesamtgehalt an Wasser in den Gelen nimmt mit steigender Vernetzungsdichte zu.
    Notes: By means of γ-irradiation 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate has been copolymerized in bulk with two different tetrafunctional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,3-bis(acryloxymethyl) tetramethyl disiloxane and with a hexafunctional monomer, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. The resultant xerogels were subsequently swollen to equilibrium in water. In order to allow a comparison among the three crosslinkers, their molar masses and funtionalities were taken into account, the theoretical crosslink concentrations being varied from 0.032 to 0.644 mol dm-3. The relative hydrophobicity of the three crosslinkers was found to have a significant effect on both the equilibrium swelling and elastic modulus of the swollen gels. Non-freezing water in several gels crosslinked with 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate was analysed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The proportion of non-freezing water in the gel relative to the overall water content was found to increase with increasing crosslink density.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 368-372 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface contamination is one of the most insidious factors affecting adhesive bond performance and, hence, reliability of bonded structures. Sources of contamination are widespread and include primary materials, secondary materials, equipment, human operators, adjacent processes and the atmosphere. A successful approach to solving contamination problems involves the identification of the contamination and its source, establishment of the level of contamination that degrades the given bond, development of a plan to correct the problem and prevent contamination from occurring again, and subsequent verification of adequate substrate cleanlines prior to bonding. This generic approach is discussed and examples are cited to illustrate its use.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 81 (1965), S. 38-50 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der thermische Abbau von Polytetramethylenoxid untersucht. Das Polymere enthielt schwache Bindungen, die beim Erwärmen auf 50 bis 150°C leicht spalteten. In Xylol betrug die Aktivierungsenergie dieses Abbauvorganges 13,3 Kcal/Mol. Wie nachgewiesen wurde, sind die schwachen Bindungen Hydroperoxidgruppen, die sich in Gegenwart der Luft bildeten. Diese Gruppen konnten beim Erhitzen im Vakuum zerstört werden; der sich einstellende Abbaugrad des Polymeren hängt von der Zahl der vorhandenen Hydroperoxidgruppen ab. Messungen der Intrinsic-Viskosität des von schwachen Bindungen befreiten Polytetramethylenoxids zeigten eine regellose Kettenspaltung bei erhöhten Temperaturen, die nach der Gleichung verlief: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log \rm{ }\left[ \eta \right] = - \alpha \cdot \rm{log \ (t } + \rm{ t}_0 )\rm{ } + \rm{ C} $$\end{document} Der Exponent α der KUHN-HOUWINK-Gleichung wurde für das Polymere in benzolischer Lösung und bei 20 °C zu 0,75 bestimmt. Die Analyse der Molekulargewichtsänderungen während des Abbaus bei verschiedenen Temperaturen ergab, daß die Kinetik der Kettenspaltung erster Ordnung war und durch folgende Geschwindigkeitsgleichung erfaßt wurde: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \rm{k} = 1,98 \cdot 10^{17} \rm \ { e}^{ - 49700/\rm{RT}} $$\end{document} Dieses Ergebnis wurde mit den Aktivierungsenergien der in Luft und unter Vakuum durchgeführten thermogravimetrischen Analyse verglichen.
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polytetramethylene oxide has been examined in detail. The polymer contained weak links which led to facile chain scission on heating. (50 to 150°C.). The activation energy of this degradation process in xylene solution is 13.3 Kcal/mol. The available evidence indicates that the weak links are hydroperoxide groups formed in the presence of air. These groups could be destroyed by heating in vacuum, the resultant degree of degradation of the polymer depending on the number of hydroperoxide groups present.Measurements of the intrinsic viscosity of polytetramethylene oxide, freed from weak links, showed that the polymer underwent random chain scission at elevated temperatures according to the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \log \left[ \eta \right] = - \alpha \ {\rm log \ (t} + {\rm t}_0 )\ + {\rm C} $\end{document} The exponent, α, of the KUHN-HOUWINK equation was thus determined to be 0.75 for the polymer in benzene at 20°C. Analysis of the molecular weight changes occurring during degradation at various temperatures showed that the chain scission process obeyed first order kinetics and could be expressed by the rate equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \rm {k} = 1.98 \cdot 10^{17} \rm {e}^{ - 49,700/\rm{RT}} $\end{document} This result is compared with activation energies obtained by thermogravimetry in air and vacuum.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 110 (1967), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Vernetzung von Poly-[2.2-propan-bis-(4-phenylcarbonat)] durch Erhitzen in einem kontinuierlich evakuierten System wurde bei verschiedenen Temperaturen (295-382°C) untersucht. Der Einfluß von Zeit und Temperatur auf die Viskosität des Polymeren und den Gelgehalt wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The cross-linking of poly [2.2-propane-bis-(4-phenyl carbonate)] by heating in a continuously evacuated system has been examined at various temperatures (295-382°C). The effect of time and temperature on the viscosity of the polymer and the gel content is discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 128 (1969), S. 242-251 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polysulfon, das aus 2.3-Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan und 4.4′-Dichlordiphenylsulfon hergestellt wurde, zersetzt sich beim Erhitzen auf 380°C i. Vak. Das Molekulargewicht steigt mit der Erhitzungsdauer an, bis nach etwa 3 Stdn. Gelierung eintritt. Es wird gezeigt, daß neben Vernetzungsreaktionen auch Spaltungsreaktionen auftreten. Der Abbau wird von Gasentwicklung - zumeist SO2 und CH4 — begleitet. Außer Phenol - als nicht gasförmiges Hauptabbauprodukt - werden substituierte Diphenyläther und viele andere Phenole erhalten. Lösungen der abgebauten Polymeren reagieren mit Diphenylpikrylhydrazyl (DPPH) und zeigen an, daß mit zunehmender Erhitzungsdauer die Zahl der Hydroxylgruppen ansteigt. Die Art der Abbauprodukte ergibt, daß die Äther-, Isopropyliden- und Sulfongruppen in die Abbaureaktionen einbezogen werden. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Vernetzungsreaktion, die Spaltungsreaktion, die Bildung von Hydroxylgruppen und die Gasentwicklung wurden bestimmt. Es wird diskutiert, welchen möglichen Reaktionen diese Prozesse unterliegen.
    Notes: Polysulphone, prepared from 2.2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 4.4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulphone, degrades when heated at 380°C i. vac. The mol. wt. increases with time of heating until after about 3 hrs gelation occurs. In addition to crosslinking scission processes have been shown to be important. Degradation is also accompanied by the evolution of gas - mainly SO2 and CH4. Other products include a number of substituted diphenyl ethers, phenol, the major non gaseous product, and a variety of other phenols. Solutions of the degraded polymers react with DPPH and suggest the accumulation of hydroxyl groups with time of heating. The range of products indicates that the ether, isopropylidene and sulphone groups linking the phenylene rings are involved in the degradation. The rates of the crosslinking, scission, hydroxyl accumulation and gas evolution processes have been evaluated and the possible reactions underlying these processes discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 3185-3219 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present results of molecular orbital thory calculations of the interactions of acrylic polymers with aluminum, with a view toward understanding the nature of chemical bonding at the corresponding polymer-metal interfaces. The reported results are for the interactions of polymer model compounds with metal atoms (as opposed to our ongoing studies with metal surfaces). As such, the results relate to experimental studies where small dosages of metal atoms are evaporated onto polymer surfaces in pristine high vacuum environments. Our studies have been conducted within the theoretical framework of Hartree-Fock molecular orbital theory. We find that aluminum atoms interact primarily with the carbonyl group of acrylic polymers. The reaction proceeds by the metal atoms interacting with both the carbon and the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl functionality. This weakens the C=O bond. Finally, the carbonyl bond loses double bond character, and strong AL - O bonds are formed. Our results are compared to experimental data, and the implications of the detailed nature of bonding for adhesion applications are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2257-2265 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: helix in amylopectin-iodine complex ; I4 unit in amylopectin-iodine complex ; spectra of amylopectin-iodine complex ; amylopectin-iodine chromophore composition ; amylopectin fine structures and complex formation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A partial hydrolysis of amylose followed by the addition of iodine provides a spectrum almost identical to that of the amylopectin-iodine (API) complex suggesting the involvement of smaller “amylose-like” units in the API complex. Our theoretical studies on different polyiodine and polyiodide species suggest that a nearly linear I4 unit stabilized within the cavity of a small “amylose-like” helix is responsible for the characteristic API spectrum. Since there are 2.75 anhydroglucose residues (AGU) for every iodine atom in the amylose-iodine (AI) complex and a structural similarity exists between the API and the AI (amylose-iodine) complexes, we identify (C6H10O5)11I4 to be the chromophore in the API complex. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 1455-1472 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of some acrylate based polymers containing both a mesogenic group (4-cyanophenyl benzoate) connected to the polymer backbone by a flexible spacer, and varying degrees of crosslinking, introduced by copolymerization. Optical and calorimetric techniques are used to determine the phase behavior, which is found to depend strongly on the crosslink density (and the flexible spacer length); though (nominally) a relatively high degree of crosslinking is possible without completely destroying the liquid crystal phase. Mechanical measurements in conjunction with supplementary analytical data, where available, are used to determine the efficiency of copolymerization at introducing intermolecular crosslinking. Some possible explanations for the unexpectedly low efficiency of this process are discussed. The properties of materials prepared in this fashion are compared briefly with some examples where crosslinking is introduced after polymerization; this latter process is seen to be rather more efficient.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 3107-3122 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A soluble aromatic poly (amic acid) film was converted to a soluble polyimide by staging at 25°C intervals to 325°C and characterized at each interval by several analytical methods. The behavior observed was consistent with an interpretation that a reduction occurred in molecular weight of the poly (amic acid) during the initial stages of cure before the ultimate molecular weight was achieved as a polyimide. This interpretation was supported by the results of solution viscosity, gel permeation chromatography, low angle laser light scattering photometry, and infrared spectroscopy analyses. The results of this study serve to increase our fundamental understanding of how polyimides are thermally formed from poly (amic acid)s.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1709-1717 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(methyl vinyl ether); poly(butyl vinyl ether) ; poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) ; block copolymers ; living cationic polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for the synthesis of well-defined poly(alkyl vinyl ether-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymers with hydrolytically stable block linkages has been developed. Monofunctional poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers with nearly Poisson molecular weight distributions were prepared via a living cationic polymerization method using chloroethyl vinyl ether together with HI/ZnI2 as the initiating system and lithium borohydride as the termination reagent. Using the resultant chloroethyl ether functional oligomers in combination with sodium iodide as macroinitiators, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline was polymerized in chlorobenzene/NMP to afford diblock copolymers. A series of poly(methyl vinyl ether-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock materials were found to have polydispersities of ≈ 1.3-1.4 and are microphase separated as indicated by two Tg's in their DSC thermograms. These copolymers are presently being used as model materials to study fundamental parameters important for steric stabilization of dispersions in polar media. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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