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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (239)
  • Project report/description
  • 1980-1984  (241)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1982  (241)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 381-398 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Numerous hypotheses exist to explain observed blood-materials interactions. It is the purpose of this article to test two popular hypotheses, namely, the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis and the optimum polar/apolar ratio hypothesis. Methacrylate polymers and copolymers were characterized using the captive bubble underwater contact angle method; bulk water content was determined by gravimetric methods; streaming potential measurements were made; and surface roughness and possible particulate contamination were evaluated by reflected light microscopy. In vitro blood tests include whole blood clotting time measurements on polymer-coated tubes; centrifugal force platelet adhesion on polymer-coated coverslips; and a measure of the partial thromboplastin time, Russell's viper venom time (Stypven time), and the prothrombin time of native whole blood exposed to polymer-coated microscope slides. Results suggest that platelet adhesion correlates in the opposite direction of whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time, emphasizing the need for a multiparameter approach to blood-materials testing. Based on these tests the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis is not supported. In fact, the data suggest the opposite to be true. It is apparent that platelet adhesion can be a misleading indicator of blood compatibility. Neither hypotheses can explain the apparent conflict between the platelet adhesion data and the coagulation time data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1269-1276 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uncrosslinked cis-trans polybutadiene films were prepared on ultraclean glass microscope slides by uniform dipping. The samples were stored in different environments prior to evaluation of surface oxidation by dynamic contact angle using the Wilhelmy plate method and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Storage conditions evaluated were: (1) laboratory air at 20°C and 30% relative humidity; (2) vacuum at 0.1 torr; (3) distilled water equilibrated with air; and (4) degassed distilled water. XPS and contact angle analysis indicate that samples exposed to air undergo significant surface oxidation within 8 h. Exposure of polybutadiene to air-equilibrated water results in slower oxidation. Samples stored in degassed water demonstrated less surface oxidation. Vacuum-stored samples demonstrated the least surface oxidation. Dynamic contact angle measurements demonstrated that receding contact angles are more sensitive to changes in surface oxidation than are advancing contact angles, as expected. Changes in surface wetting characteristics are readily observed after only 1 h in laboratory air, although XPS analysis does not show evidence of oxidation within 4 h of air storage.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2351-2360 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of binary blends of high-density polyethylene and polypropylene are quite good compared to those for blends of some other immiscible pairs. The property relationships observed depend strongly on the process used to fabricate the blends as shown by comparisons of specimens made by injection and compression molding with widely varied cooling rates in the latter. Strength and modulus may show additive behavior or have positive or negative deviations, depending on the process conditions; however, measures of ductility like impact strength or elongation at break always show negative departures from additivity and exhibit minima in some cases. Addition of an appropriate ethylene-propylene elastomer greatly improves the ductility of these blends but with a corresponding decrease in strength and modulus. The presence of weld lines has a serious detrimental effect on mechanical properties of these blends.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3591-3595 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oligomers are potentially useful as well characterized models for studying the chemical and physical properties of their long chain homologues. These model compounds are often available only as mixtures which must be separated. This separation may be accomplished using chromatographic techniques, i.e., GPC. Polydispersity (Mw/Mn) is often used as a criteria for the extent to which separation has been achieved. Values of polydispersity of 1.01-1.03 are considered indicative of very narrow fractions in the high polymer area. A purpose of this paper is to show that such low values of polydispersity are misleading when applied to oligomers containing 2-20 repeat units. Further, the existence of a single “sharp” melting endotherm is not necessarily proof that one has separated out a single molecular weight component. An intimate mixture of different molecular weight oligomers can give a single narrow endotherm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4861-4866 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies on polymerization of styrene by the heterogeneous catalyst system Cu2Cl2 + AlEt3 are reported. Kinetic studies carried out at an optimum catalyst composition [Al]/[Cu] = 0.8 and aging time of 4 h give a value of 55 kJ/mol for the activation energy. The rate law can be presented as R = K [cat] [mon]2. A radical mechanism is proposed on the basis of the effect of hydroquinone and ESR spectra. The mechanism of polymerization with this catalyst system is different than that of CuCl2 + AlEt2X (X = Br, Cl), which was reported earlier.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that can be utilized for the removal of formalin-fixed tissues from arterial grafts without. Affecting fiber material properties. Such a method could prove highly useful for studying the changes in the structure and properties of graft fiber as functions of important clinical variables. Information on what actually happens to the arterial graft material in situ with passage of time is greatly lacking in the current graft literature. The method proposed involves treatment of the formalin fixed fiber-tissue complex with an enzymatic preparation containing enzymes derived from the porcine pancreas (pancreatin) in solution with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 7.6. Studies with two different grafts - a Microknit Dacron Bifurcation from a clinical patient 10¼ years after implantation and stored in formalin for 11 months, and a Sauvage Filamentous Velour of Dacron from an animal 24 h after implantation and stored in formalin for nine months - showed that the treatment was highly effective in completely removing the tissues at concentrations of pancreatin as low as 2.5%. The same treatment given to the virgin yarns of grafts revealed no significant effects on tensile, dimensional, and morphological properties.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A system is described for assessing the toxicity of freshly mixed restorative materials in vitro by measuring changes in the levels of β-galactosidase and lactic dehydrogenase in both cultured cells and supernatants. The toxic effects of a zinc phosphate and silicate cement, a composite, and zinc oxide/eugenol were studied on two cell types, macrophages and fibroblasts, after 24 h exposure. Zinc oxide/eugenol, Silicap, and zinc phosphate were toxic to macrophages, in that order; Concise appeared to be nontoxic. Only zinc oxide/eugenol exerted significant effects on fibroblasts. Interposing dentine powder between the test cells and the material ameliorated the effects of all materials, possibly by the absorption of toxic components.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The poly(tetra peptide), H- (L·Val1-L·Pro2-Gly3-Gly4)n-L·Val-OMe, which is a recurring sequence in tropoelastin the precursor protein of the elastic fiber, has been irradiation crosslinked to produce an elastomeric material with limited strength. When a material such as a Dacron fabric is impregnated by the coacervate phase of the poly(tetra peptide) prior to irradiation crosslinking at 50 Mrad, the crosslinked product exhibits stress-strain curves with good elastomeric properties and high strength. In addition to the stress-strain curves, the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 535-547 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electron diffraction evidence confirming the ordered orthorhombic crystal structure of the γ phase of the silver-tin system has been obtained, and it has been established by optical metallography that an alloy with a composition corresponding to the dental amalgam alloy formula Ag3Sn (i.e., 26.85 wt % Sn) lies outside the single γ phase field and in the duplex (γ + Sn) phase field adjacent to it. Studies of the mechanism of the hardening reaction of single crystals of homogeneous γ phase alloys with mercury were carried out using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mercury attack occurred preferentially along welldefined planes in the single crystals. Using electron channeling and trace analysis techniques these planes of preferential attack were found to be {010} and {011}, and from transmission electron microscopy of thin foils these were shown to be slip bands and deformation twins, respectively. In bicrystals of γ phase material, preferential attack also occurred along grain boundaries. Similar preferential mercury attack, leading to the development of deep planar intrusions into the γ phase material, was observed in an experimental dental amalgam prepared from a lathe-cut homogeneous γ phase amalgam alloy. It is believed that the presence of such features would have important implications for the clinical performance of dental amalgam.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 571-584 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Twenty-four rectangular metal plates were fabricated with surface regions in three different pore size ranges (5-20 μm, 20-50 μm, 50-200 μm). The plates were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 12 adult mongrel dogs for periods of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After animal sacrifice, the fibrous tissue which adhered to the porous-surfaced regions of each plate was mechanically peeled off to give an indication of the strength of tissue attachment. The tissue was examined by both transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy. At each time period, the tissue that contacted the porous regions was found to be collagenized fibroconnective tissue. The mechanical tests indicated an increasing strength of tissue attachment with increasing implantation time and pore size range. The largest pore size range of approximately 50-200 μm produced a mean peel strength of attachment of 27.5 g/mm at the 16-week period.
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